Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of EM Bokashi® on the phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes, oxidative burst, SWC3, and CD11b + CD18+ expression on monocytes and granulocytes, and the serum concentration of cytokine and lysozyme in pig. 60 Sixty female piglets were divided into two groups: I – control and II – experimental. For the experimental group, a probiotic in the form of the preparation EM Bokashi® was added to the basal feed. Flow cytometry was used to determine selected non-specific immune response parameters, intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide by peripheral granulocytes and monocytes, and surface particles in peripheral blood. The EM Bokashi® preparation used in the study was found to increase phagocytic activity mainly in monocytes, with an increased percentage of phagocytic cells in the experimental group. The highest serum lysozyme concentration in the piglets in the experimental group (2.89 mg/dl), was noted on day 42 of the study. In the group of pigs receiving EM Bokashi®, the percentage of phagocytic cells with SWC3 (monocyte/granulocyte) expression was statistically significantly higher than in the control. The increase in the number of cells with SWC3 (monocyte/granulocyte) expression in the peripheral circulation in combination with the greater capacity of the cells for phagocytosis and respiratory burst confirms that the non-specific immune response was modulated in the pigs supplemented with EM Bokashi®.
Highlights
Modern pig farming requires a variety of technological measures to reduce economic losses resulting from intensified production and the associated deterioration in the health of pigs [1]
The increase in the number of cells with SWC3 expression in the peripheral circulation in combination with the greater capacity of the cells for phagocytosis and respiratory burst confirms that the non-specific immune response was modulated in the pigs supplemented with effective microorganisms (EM) Bokashi®
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of EM Bokashi® on the phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes, oxidative burst, SWC3, and CD11b+CD18+ expression on monocytes and granulocytes, and the serum concentration of cytokine and lysozyme in pigs from birth to the end of the fattening period
Summary
Modern pig farming requires a variety of technological measures to reduce economic losses resulting from intensified production and the associated deterioration in the health of pigs [1]. The probiotics most frequently used in pig feeding are based mainly on bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Enterococcus [8] They have been shown to maintain the microbial balance within the gut, stimulate enterocyte development, regulate gastrointestinal motility, improve digestion and absorption processes, and participate in the production of organic acids and metabolites that neutralize bacterial toxins [9,10,11,12]. The main effect of probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs is the prevention of colonization of the mucosa by pathogenic microbes [9, 11, 12] The mechanism of this effect of probiotics is based on competition with pathogens for adhesion sites on enterocytes and stimulation of local and systemic immune mechanisms in the host [13, 14]. The immunomodulatory potential of probiotics is thought to involve maintaining the Th1/Th2 balance in the body in cooperation with Th17 cells and regulatory T (Treg)
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