Effect of the Algicide Thiazolidinedione 49 on Immune Responses of Bay Scallop Argopecten Irradians.

Chi Chi,Park Park,Giri Giri,Yun Yun,Kim Kim,Kang Kang

doi:10.3390/molecules24193579

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https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193579

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Abstract

The thiazolidinedione 49 (TD49) is an effective algaecide against harmful algae; however, its potential effects on the immune function of the edible bay scallop are unclear. Therefore, the present work studied the effects of TD49 on the immune response in bay scallop by evaluating activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as nitric oxide (NO) levels, total protein content, and expression of immune genes (CTL-6, PGRP, PrxV, MT, and Cu/Zn-SOD) at 3–48 h post-exposure (hpe) to TD49. The activities of ACP and ALP significantly increased in TD49-treated groups at 3–24 hpe, whereas NO levels decreased significantly in 0.58 and 0.68 μM of TD49 at 6–24 hpe, after which the level was similar to that in the untreated control. Moreover, SOD activity significantly increased in all three concentration groups at 3–6 hpe, while it decreased at 12 hpe in the 0.68 μM TD49 treatment group. Notably, total protein content increased with TD49 treatment at each time interval. The results revealed that variable effects on the expression of immune-related genes were observed after treatment with TD49. The findings demonstrate that exposure of scallops to TD49 changes immune responses and expression of immune-related genes. We hypothesize that TD49 may disrupt immune system in bay scallop. The current investigation highlights the potential negative effects of using TD49 as an algaecide on marine economic bivalves to control harmful algal blooms in marine environments.

Highlights

In coastal waters, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased rapidly with increasing eutrophication and changing environmental conditions
We studied the effects of palmitoleic acid (PA) on multiple physiological parameters of scallops, including the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase (ACP), and lysozymes
In the group treated with 0.58 μM, ACP activity was significantly increased at 3 hpe, no significant change at

Summary

Introduction

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased rapidly with increasing eutrophication and changing environmental conditions. HABs could cause a variety of issues in aquatic ecological systems, the fishery industry, and may even threaten human public health [1]. Many researchers have studied physiological and ecological methods to control and reduce the loss for fisheries caused by HABs [2,3]. Physical methods, such as clay, have been used extensively for their low cost and the ease of use; clay may adhere to the gills of aquatic organisms, increasing morbidity and mortality. Other methods, including hydrogen peroxide, simazine, copper sulphate, potassium permanganate, and viral biological agents, have been demonstrated to cause ecological and environmental stresses in non-target species.

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