Abstract
Palmitoleic acid (PA), an algicidal compound, is used against the toxin producing dinofagelate Alexandrium tamarense, however, its impact on the edible bay scallop (Argopecten irradians) is still unclear. Therefore, we investigated the impacts of effective algicidal concentrations (20, 40, and 80 mg/L) of PA on immune responses in A. irradians. Various immune parameters including acid phosphatase (ACP) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme, phagocytic activity, total protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of immune-related genes (PrxV, CLT-6, MT, and BD) were measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure (hpe) to PA. Lysozyme activity was lower in scallops at 12–48 hpe to 80 mg/L. SOD, ACP activity, ROS production, the total protein, and MDA level was higher at 12 to 48 hpe with different concentrations of PA. Phagocytic activity increased at 6–12 hpe to 40–80 mg/L of PA, but decreased at 24–48 hpe. The expressions of genes PrxV, CLT-6, MT and BD down-regulated at 3 hpe were observed, while differential expressions from 6–48 hpe with different concentrations of PA. The present study demonstrated that immersing A. irradians in PA at effective concentrations could result in differential effects on non-specific immune responses and expressions of immune-related genes.
Highlights
IntroductionSince the 20th century, population explosion and the rapid development of agriculture and industry have been accompanied by an apparent global increase in the occurrence, area, and harm (both ecological and anthropogenic) caused by harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Since the 20th century, population explosion and the rapid development of agriculture and industry have been accompanied by an apparent global increase in the occurrence, area, and harm caused by harmful algal blooms (HABs)
The results showed that palmitoleic acid (PA) could modulate non-specific immune responses and the compound–PA—alters non-specific immune responses and the expression of immune-related genes expression of a series of immune-related genes in the bay scallop haemolymph
Summary
Since the 20th century, population explosion and the rapid development of agriculture and industry have been accompanied by an apparent global increase in the occurrence, area, and harm (both ecological and anthropogenic) caused by harmful algal blooms (HABs). Several studies revealed the existence of certain bacteria capable of inhibiting or degrading algal blooms in marine environments [4,5]. Alexandrium tamarense as a harmful algal species in the marine environment that can produce paralytic shellfish toxin. This toxin has heavily affected shellfish resources leading to serious economic losses in the shellfish aquaculture industry, causing human illness, and even death [1,6]
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