Abstract
A high percentage of the agricultural wells in the state of Sonora are overexploited, thus generating a significant degree of saline intrusion and abandonment by nearby communities. In this paper, the effect of temperature on the final concentration of diluted water was evaluated with variations in voltage and input concentration in a batch electrodialysis reversal (EDR) process in order to find the optimal operating conditions, with an emphasis on reducing the energy consumption and cost of desalinated water. Thirty-six samples were prepared: eighteen samples of 2000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) and eighteen samples of 5000 mg/L TDS; brackish well water of 639 mg/L TDS and synthetic salt were mixed to obtain these concentrations. Three different temperatures (25, 30, and 35 °C) and two different voltages (10 and 20 V) were tested for each sample after evaluating the limiting current density. The best salt removal occurred in the 20 V sets, with 18.34% higher removal for the 2000 mg/L TDS experiments and 25.05% for the 5000 mg/L experiments (average between the 25 to 35 °C tests). The temperature positively affected the EDR, especially in the experiments at 10 V, where increasing by 10 °C increased the efficiency by 10.83% and 24.69% for 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS, respectively. The energy consumption was lower with increasing temperature (35 °C), as it decreased by 1.405% and 1.613% for the 2000 and 5000 mg/L TDS concentrations, respectively (average between the 10 and 20 V tests), thus decreasing the cost per m3 of water.
Highlights
On Earth, water is the most valuable resource for the development of living beings due to its importance in cellular metabolism and its use in many human activities
It is concluded that increases in temperature and voltage are parameters that positively affect the salt removal efficiency of the electrodialysis reversal (EDR) process
It was found that a voltage of 20 V and a temperature of 35 ◦C are the best combination of operating parameters for achieving the highest levels of salt removal at 89.5% and 94.24% for salinities of 5000 and 2000 mg/L, respectively
Summary
On Earth, water is the most valuable resource for the development of living beings due to its importance in cellular metabolism and its use in many human activities (household, agriculture, and industry). Where i refers to a component of the solution, D represents the diffusivity of the solution, C is the concentration, V is the electrical potential, F is the Faraday number, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, z is the charge number and dz is a directional coordinate It expresses how the mass flux over the membrane is enhanced as voltage increases, generating greater current densities and a performance improvement [12]. The ion concentration near the membrane approaches zero, and the current density is limited [19] This generates a greater voltage drop, which increases energy consumption and causes water dissociation [20]. An economic evaluation of potable water production in terms of the energy costs of the overall process was carried out
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