Effect of Smoking in Cognition among Male Medical Students

Abstract

Introduction: Smokers claim that smoking increases their concentration, alertness, and overall mental performance. On the contrary, evidences point at gradual cognitive deterioration in smokers. Cognitive deterioration can be assessed by Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). Objective: To compare the cognitive status in smoker and non-smoker medical students. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was done in 46 male medical students with normal cardiac and pulmonary functions (23 smokers and 23 non-smokers, FTND was used to establish smoking status) at Pulmonary Function Lab in the Department of Basic and Clinical Physiology, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Pulmonary function tests (PFT) were measured to exclude pulmonary function defect. Blood Pressure (SBP and DBP) was used to ascertain subjects with normal and abnormal cardiac function. For cognition assessment Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), which is a close ended questionnaire, was used. Data were expressed in median and Inter-Quartile-Range (IQR). Chi-square Test was applied to observe association between smoking and cognition (normal vs. impaired cognition). Results: All baseline variables viz., anthropometric (Age and BMI), cardiovascular (Diastolic and Systolic Blood Pressures) and pulmonary function (VC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC) were comparable between smokers and nonsmokers except age. Greater percentage of smokers compared to non-smokers (48% vs. 22%) had mild cognitive decline as measured by MoCA score. However, the finding was statistically non-significant (0.063). Conclusion: Low nicotine-dependent male medical students with normal pulmonary and cardiac functions, showed mild but insignificant cognitive decline as measured by MoCA score.