Abstract
Objective This study investigated the effect of surface nano-patterning on adhesion of an oral early commensal colonizer, Streptococcus mitis and the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and human fibroblasts (HDFa) in a laminar flow cell. Methods Nanostructured surfaces were made by functionalizing glass substrates with 40 nm SiO2 nanoparticles. Gradients in nanoparticle surface coverage were fabricated to study the effect of nanoparticle spacing within a single experiment. Bacterial adhesion was investigated after 5 min of contact time by subjecting surfaces to a flow in a laminar flow cell. In addition, to examine the particles effect on human cells, the establishment of focal adhesion and spreading of primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) were investigated after 4 and 24 h. Results Adhesion of both S. aureus and S. mitis decreased on surfaces functionalized with nanoparticles and coincided with higher nanoparticle surface coverage on the surface. Both strains were tested on three separate surfaces. The regression analysis showed that S. mitis was influenced more by surface modification than S. aureus. The establishment of focal adhesions in HDFa cells was delayed on the nanostructured part of the surfaces after both 4 and 24 h of culturing. Significance In the current manuscript, we have used a flow cell to investigate the effect of nanotopographies on S. aureus and S. mitis adhesion. The present findings are of relevance for design of future implant and prostheses surfaces in order to reduce adhesion of bacteria.
Highlights
Current literature has reported that more than 700 prokaryote species may inhabit the human oral cavity
The infection commences from the initial attachment of bacteria onto the implant surface followed by colonization and biofilm formation as previously described by Busscher et al [11]
Our findings show that nanoparticles increased the wettability of the surface, even though X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the chemistry is roughly identical
Summary
Current literature has reported that more than 700 prokaryote species may inhabit the human oral cavity. The dental implant surfaces are engineered for bone cell attachment and osseointegration [2,3,4,5], this may enhance bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation [6,7]. The infection commences from the initial attachment of bacteria onto the implant surface followed by colonization and biofilm formation as previously described by Busscher et al [11]. Both on teeth and dental implants, early colonizers (mainly oral streptococci) attach to the surface in the first place, initiating formation of biofilm [12,13,14,15]. The establishment of a biofilm makes dental implant surfaces prone to infections and biomaterials associated infections (BAI) have been shown to be one of the leading causes of implant failure [18].
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