Effect of shipping on the distribution of trace elements and petroleum hydrocarbons in the coastal basins of Australia: a review

Abstract

This study surveyed levels of trace elements and hydrocarbon contamination in Australian seaport environments. Different activities contribute to discharges of trace elements and hydrocarbons into estuarine and marine environments. The elements of highest concern are As, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni at Port Derwent, with Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb at Port Kembla and Zn and Cu at Botany Bay all exceeding the Australia and New Zealand Environment Conservation Council standards. Concentrations of some elements (Zn, Pb and Cu) in sediments at Port Kembla, Port Newcastle and the Derwent estuary are also higher than the Inter Sediment Quality Guidelines. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and chlordane in the aquatic biota at two eastern ports (Port Jackson, Port Brisbane) are also among the highest in Australia and similar areas around the world. These findings provide baseline information on which to prioritise further research and formulate strategies to improve water quality in Australian port environments.