Abstract
BackgroundGlioblastoma (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis, often resistant to immunotherapy and associated with immune suppression. This study aimed to assess the impact of steroids and Stupp-regimen treatment on peripheral blood immune parameters in GBM patients and their association with outcomes.MethodsUsing cytometry panels and bioplex assays, we analyzed the immune phenotype and serum cytokines of 54 GBM patients and 21 healthy volunteers.ResultsGBM patients exhibited decreased lymphoid cell numbers (CD4, CD8 T cells, NKT cells) with heightened immune checkpoint expression and increased myeloid cell numbers (especially neutrophils), along with elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Steroid use decreased T and NK cell numbers, while radio-chemotherapy led to decreased lymphoid cell numbers, increased myeloid cell numbers, and heightened immune checkpoint expression. Certain immune cell subsets were identified as potential outcome predictors.ConclusionOverall, these findings shed light on the peripheral immune landscape in GBM, emphasizing the immunosuppressive effects of treatment. Baseline immune parameters may serve as prognostic indicators for treatment response.
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