Abstract
This study aimed to develop a method, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for detecting 37 pesticides in Chrysanthemum indicum (C. indicum) and investigating the decrease in the matrix-induced enhancement effect. The influence of QuEChERS extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared. extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared to decrease the ME. The cleanup sorbents, volume and type of solvent, and treatment time were optimized. The accuracy (as recovery), precision (as relative standard deviation, RSD), linearity, limit of quantitation, and limit of detection were determined. The recoveries at the three levels using mixed standard solution ranged between 76% and 120% with RSD ≤15%, and 76% and 120% with RSD ≤11% for MSPD and QuEChERS extraction, respectively. The results suggested that the ME for 21 pesticides was in the range of 80%–120% after MSPD and 15% after QuEChERS extraction. QuEChERS extraction was simpler and faster than MSPD. This methodology was applied in the analysis of 27 C. indicum samples; phorate was most frequently detected (63.0% of the sample).
Highlights
Chrysanthemum indicum (Ye Ju Hua) is a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antibiotic, and other pharmacological effects
Based on the relevant literature and the actual planting situation of the base, this study summarized pesticides commonly used in the control of C. indicum diseases and pesticides with more domestic dosage forms; 37 pesticides were used as the detection indicators. ese pesticides were divided into two groups based on the following principle: (1) retention time: pesticides were grouped with close retention times and overlaps to avoid mutual interference between compounds and (2) physical and chemical properties: group A mainly included organochlorine pesticides, while group B mainly included organophosphorus pesticides (Table 1)
Chromatographic Analysis. e ions for each compound were obtained by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in full-scan (Figure 1) and selective ion monitoring (SIM) modes (Table 1). e standard solutions at a concentration of 10 mg/L of pesticides were prepared in acetone. e sensitivity of some pesticide reference materials was related to chromatographic conditions. e examination of the injector temperature, transfer line temperature, and flow revealed that the injector temperature had a great influence on endosulfan sulfate, quizalofop ethyl, profenofos, and famphur
Summary
Chrysanthemum indicum (Ye Ju Hua) is a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antibiotic, and other pharmacological effects. It is widely distributed and planted in China. With the implementation of standardized cultivation of Chinese herbal medicines, many herbs, including C. indicum, have established planting bases. Pest control is very important to improve the yield and quality of herbs. Good agricultural practices (GAP) attach great importance to the protection of the ecological environment in the production of Chinese medicinal materials and have strict usage norms and safety standards for the control of pesticide residues, such as selecting the rational pesticide varieties, application period, and mix pesticides. Dicofol, metalaxyl, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, methyl triazine, mancozeb, carbamic acid powder, and chlordimeform are relatively common pesticides used to protect flowers and plants and maintain the production yield. e pesticides commonly used in Chrysanthemum indicum are low-toxic and high-efficiency pesticides, but it cannot be ruled out that their pesticides will
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