Abstract
Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a major foodborne pathogen in the United States and one of the most frequently reported Salmonella serotypes globally. Eggs are the most common food product associated with SE infections in humans. The pathogen colonizes the intestinal tract in layers, and migrates to reproductive organs systemically. Since adhesion to and invasion of chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) is critical for SE colonization in reproductive tract, reducing these virulence factors could potentially decrease egg yolk contamination. This study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations of three plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs), namely carvacrol, thymol and eugenol in reducing SE adhesion to and invasion of COEC, and survival in chicken macrophages. In addition, the effect of PDAs on SE genes critical for oviduct colonization and macrophage survival was determined using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). All PDAs significantly reduced SE adhesion to and invasion of COEC (p < 0.001). The PDAs, except thymol consistently decreased SE survival in macrophages (p < 0.001). RT-qPCR results revealed down-regulation in the expression of genes involved in SE colonization and macrophage survival (p < 0.001). The results indicate that PDAs could potentially be used to control SE colonization in chicken reproductive tract; however, in vivo studies validating these results are warranted.
Highlights
Eggs constitute a vital part of the American diet with an annual per capita consumption of approximately 250 eggs [1]
The results indicate that plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) could potentially be used to control serovar Enteritidis (SE) colonization in chicken reproductive tract; in vivo studies validating these results are warranted
In light of increasing evidence linking human salmonellosis with consumption of eggs, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009 [7] announced that eggs constitute the primary source of SE infections to humans, and issued a final rule that requires egg producers to implement measures to prevent the pathogen from contaminating eggs on the farm and further growth during storage and transportation [7]
Summary
Eggs constitute a vital part of the American diet with an annual per capita consumption of approximately 250 eggs [1]. In light of increasing evidence linking human salmonellosis with consumption of eggs, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009 [7] announced that eggs constitute the primary source of SE infections to humans, and issued a final rule that requires egg producers to implement measures to prevent the pathogen from contaminating eggs on the farm and further growth during storage and transportation [7]. Control measures implemented at the flock level could reduce human salmonellosis from egg consumption, and was suggested as a primary focus of control at farm level [4]. The current study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of SICs of CR, THY and EUG in reducing the attachment to and invasion of primary chicken oviduct epithelial cells (COEC) by SE in vitro. The effect of CR, THY and EUG on the transcription of various virulence genes critical for SE colonization in the chicken oviduct was studied
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