Abstract
A study on the effect of organic fertilizer (cow manure) on carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in a paddy field was conducted. Suphanburi 1 rice varieties were planted in a double-crop organic rice field at Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Pathum Thani Province, Thailand. The study was categorized into 4 sets of experiments as follows: 1) control, without added fertilizer, 2) addition of organic fertilizer (cow manure) at 3.13 t·ha-1, 3) addition of organic fertilizer at 9.38 t·ha-1 and 4) addition of organic fertilizer at 12.50 t·ha-1. The study showed that the set with the addition of organic fertilizer at 12.50 t·ha-1 had the highest emissions rate of methane at an average rate of 4.94 mg·m-2 d. Lower methane emissions were found in the sets with added organic fertilizer at 9.38 t·ha-1 and in the control set without added fertilizer and the set with added organic fertilizer at 3.13 t·ha-1, with an average emission rate of 3.08, 1.77 and 1.49 mg·m-2·d, respectively. The differences in the methane emissions of all of the sets are statistically significant, (P<0.05). Compared to the other sets, the carbon dioxide emissions were highest in the set with added organic fertilizer at 9.38 t·ha-1, at an average rate of 380.55 mg·m-2·d. The rates were lower in the set with added organic fertilizer at 3.13 t·ha-1, the control set without added fertilizer, and the set with the addition of organic fertilizer at 12.50 t·ha-1, with emission rates of 325.24, 253.92 and 198.16 mg·m-2 d, respectively. However, these results had no significant difference. Meanwhile, the nitrous oxide emissions during the growing season of the rice were the highest in the set with the addition of organic fertilizer at 9.38 t·ha-1, which had an average rate of 1.41 mg·m-2·d. The rate was lower in the control set without added fertilizer, the set with added organic fertilizer at 3.13 t·ha-1, and the set with added organic fertilizer at 12.50 t·ha-1 with average emissions rates of 1.10, 1.40 and 0.60 mg·m-2·d, respectively.
Highlights
Global climate change is caused by the proliferation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Paddy field farming is an essential source of greenhouse gas emissions because rice fields are flooded for farming, where the anaerobic condition favors the activities of methanogens in presence of organic matter
The level of pH is essential to methane production in flooded rice fields, and the process is sensitive to changes in pH
Summary
Global climate change is caused by the proliferation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases produced in nature include steam, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3). Greenhouse gases are produced by human activities, which contribute to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions concentrations in the atmosphere. Paddy field farming is an essential source of greenhouse gas emissions because rice fields are flooded for farming, where the anaerobic condition favors the activities of methanogens in presence of organic matter. These methanogens grow well in anaerobic conditions (Dubey, 2005). On the contrary, during the process of tree growth, trees can absorb carbon dioxide and transform it to biomass. Nitrous oxide is produced by microorganisms living in soil through the processes of www.ccsenet.org/mas
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