Abstract
Abstract The goals of this exploration were to find out the optimum conditions of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of L. Barbarum crude polysaccharides. Furthermore, to research the impacts of three multi-frequency ultrasound assisted extraction modes on the yield of L. Barbarum crude polysaccharides. The results showed that by applying the traditional single-frequency UAE mode, the optimum extraction time was 30 min, extraction temperature of 60 °C, and solid/liquid ratio of 20 g/600 mL, at a power density of 300 W/L, and ultrasound frequency of 28 kHz. Secondly; a comparison was carried out between three UAE modes using the optimum extraction conditions obtained previously. The energy aggregation counter flow dual-frequency UAE mode gave the highest yield of 38.93% of crude polysaccharides. Followed by the Opposite-sit dual-frequency UAE mode and the energy aggregation counter flow single-frequency UAE mode with yields of 33.60%, and 26.38% of crude polysaccharides, respectively. As a result the ultrasound assisted extraction with dual-frequency mode is more effective for the extraction of L. Barbarum crude polysaccharides. Furthermore, the yield of crude polysaccharides increased by 73.41% using the dual-frequency ultrasound extraction compared to traditional hot water extraction.
Highlights
Lycium (Boxthorn) is a class of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), containing around 80 types of plants local all through the temperate and subtropical areas of the world (Xin et al, 2013)
The percentage yield increased as the extraction time increased from 20 to 30 min and decreased as the extraction time increased to 60 min
This shows that the highest percentage yield of crude polysaccharides (23.55%) was obtained at extraction time of 30 min
Summary
Lycium (Boxthorn) is a class of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), containing around 80 types of plants local all through the temperate and subtropical areas of the world (Xin et al, 2013). Lycium Barbarum, commonly named Wolfberry, Goji (Gouqi) in Chinese, is mostly found in dry, semi-saline environments. An extensive variety of Lycium Barbarum products have been produced in types of cosmetic products, dietary supplements, tea (Amagase, 2014), milk, juice, seed oil, and so on (Potterat, 2010). For more than 4000 years Lycium Barbarum has been consumed as nourishment and in traditional prescription (Amagase & Farnsworth, 2011). The agriculture of Lycium Barbarum has been recorded for over 600 years in the Northwestern region of China, Ningxia province which is the authentic district of Chinese medication Lycii Fructus (Li, 2007; Potterat, 2010). Within the chemical composition of Lycium Barbarum, water-soluble glycoconjugates, (Lycium Barbarum polysaccharides or LBP) are the most researched components, which are evaluated to involve 5-8% of the dried Goji (Amagase & Farnsworth, 2011; Potterat, 2010)
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