Effect of multi-periodic and chaotic magnetic fields on plants’ growth from germination to harvest: experiment on bean (phaseolus vulgaris)

Introduction Grain legumes are considered as the second source of human nutrition after cereals and play an important role in community food supply, sustainable agriculture and economic profitability. Among grain legumes, common bean has the most consumption in the world compared with others. However there are always some constraints in common bean production and drought is most important factor in yield reduction of this crop. In addition high sensitivity of common bean to some micronutrients shortage such as manganese and zinc is another limiting factor that will be exacerbated in drought conditions. In such situation foliar application could be considered as a suitable strategy to facilitate the absorption of these micronutrients by plant. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of foliar application of manganese and zinc on grain yield and yield components of Red Bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought conditions the experiment was carried out at research station of agriculture and natural resources research center of ShahreKord as a split plot factorial design in basis randomized complete block with three replications. Drought stress considered as main factor including S1, S2 and S3 (irrigation after 50, 70 and 90 mm of cumulative evaporation from Class A pan respectively) and subplots were the factorial combination of Manganese and zinc foliar application both with three levels including foliar application of distilled water, 150 ppm and 300 ppm from manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate resources respectively. Sowing date was May 27, 2010 and each experimental plot was included of 4 rows with 50 cm apart and 4 m long. Between main plots a m-2 wide strip was left bare to eliminate influences of lateral water movement. According to soil test 100 kg.ha-1 N was used in the form of urea (50 kg.ha-1 N before sowing and 50 kg.ha-1 N before flowering) by hand broadcasting method. Irrigation was done every 5 days and Drought stress treatments along with foliar application treatments were applied at V 4 (Third trifoliate leaf appearance) crop growth stage. During the growth season, weeds and pests were controlled. At the harvesting time (15th to 26th September) 1 square meter of each plot in different treatments was harvested and grain yield, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield and harvest index were investigated.Data analysis performed by SAS software and mean comparisons were done using the least significant difference test at 5% probability by MSTAT-C software. Results and Discussion The results showed that drought had a significant effect on all investigated traits and the highest values of pod number per plant (14.2), grain yield (3172.4 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (9124.1 kg.ha-1) were related to S1 treatment, whereas the highest values of seed number per pod (4.7), 100 seed weight (26 gr) and harvest index (36.4) were obtained in S2 treatment. The lowest values of all traits were observed in S3 treatment, so that pod number per plant (5), seed number per pod (3.6), 100 seed weight (21.4 gr), grain yield (774.5 kg.ha-1), biological yield (5451.7 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (13.6) decreased by 64.8, 20, 12.6, 75.6, 40.2 and 60.8 percent respectively compared with control. The simple effects of foliar application of Mn and Zn in all investigated traits except harvest index and weight of 100 seed were significant and these traits increased with increasing in application of micronutrients amount. So that grain yield in 300 ppm of Mn and Zn foliar application treatments increased 36.3% and 28.2% respectively compared with control. Investigation of interaction effects of treatments showed that in severe drought stress condition foliar application of Mn had a better effect than Zn on number of pod per plant and grain yield.The positive effects of Mn and Zn micronutrients might be attributed to the favorable influence of them on metabolism and their stimulating effect on photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity which in turn encourage growth and yield. Conclusion Generally, however foliar application of Mn and Zn caused to grain yield increasing but in drought stress Mn had a better effect in drought impacts alleviation and could be considered as an applied method for yield improvement of common bean in water deficit conditions. Key words: Deficit irrigation, Grain legume, Harvest index, Micronutrients, Plant nutrient management

Com o objetivo de estudar a influência da redução da radiação solar sobre a produção e qualidade de frutos de feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) instalou-se um experimento na Fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina no período de setembro a novembro de 1998. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As plantas foram mantidas a 100%; 70%; 50% e 30% de luminosidade pelo emprego de telas de polipropileno, colocadas 15 dias após a emergência (DAE). A redução de 50% da radiação solar promoveu a diminuição do número de vagens por planta, não afetando, porém, o peso de vagem por planta. As plantas submetidas a 100% e 70% de luminosidade apresentaram maior número de vagens e peso de vagens de números 3 e 4 aos 65 DAE. A diminuição da radiação solar não afetou a textura das vagens

به منظور بررسی خصوصیات زراعی، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد در کشت مخلوط ریحان رویشی (Ocimum basilicum L.) و لوبیا (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) و ارزیابی تأثیر آن بر کنترل علف های‏هرز، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 87- 1386 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار و 10 تیمار به اجرا در آمد. تیمارهای آزمایش عبارت بودند از: (1- کشت خالص لوبیا، 2- کشت خالص ریحان، 3- کشت مخلوط نواری چهار ردیف ریحان دو ردیف لوبیا ، 4- کشت مخلوط نواری چهار ردیف لوبیا دو ردیف ریحان و 5 - کشت ردیفی) با کنترل علف‏های‏هرز و همین تیمارها بدون کنترل علف‏هرز. در گیاه ریحان وزن خشک و درصد ساقه در ماده خشک کشت خالص با کنترل علف‏هرز از تمامی تیمارها بیشتر بود. درصد برگ در ماده خشک کشت مخلوط نواری چهار لوبیا دو ریحان از سایر تیمارها بالاتر بود. اختلاف ارتفاع در چین اول تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفته بود ولی در چین دوم کشت ردیفی با کنترل علف‏هرز بالاترین ارتفاع را داشت و بالاترین شاخص سطح برگ را کشت مخلوط چهار ریحان دو لوبیا به خود اختصاص داد. اختلاف معنی داری در درصد اسانس بین تیمارها مشاهده نشد، ولی به طور کلی تیمارهای بدون کنترل علف‏هرز دارای درصد اسانس بیشتری بودند. عملکرد اسانس نیز در کشت خالص و کشت مخلوط چهار ریحان دو لوبیا در شرایط کنترل علف‏هرز بیشتر از همه تیمارها بود. در گیاه لوبیا نیز تعداد دانه و غلاف در بوته، عملکرد اقتصادی، عملکرد بیولوژیک و ارتفاع بوته بین تیمارهای مختلف اختلاف معنی داری داشت ولی تعداد دانه در غلاف، شاخص برداشت، تعداد شاخه در بوته و وزن صد دانه تحت تأثیر تیمارها قرار نگرفت. بالاترین شاخص سطح برگ لوبیا را در بین تیمارها کشت مخلوط ردیفی (53/4) داشت. کمترین وزن خشک علف‏هرز در کشت مخلوط ردیفی و بیشترین وزن خشک علف‏هرز در کشت‏های خالص مشاهده شد. ارزیابی نسبت برابری زمین نشان داد که تقریباً تمامی تیمارهای کشت مخلوط ریحان و لوبیا بر کشت خالص آنها برتری دارد و کشت مخلوط ردیفی بیشترین نسبت برابری زمین (43/1) را به خود اختصاص داد.

Introduction Regarding the importance of bean production in supplying of plant based protein for human being societies and its area under cultivation in Iran, identification and management of pests and diseases associated to this crop are important. Plant parasitic nematodes are one of the biotic agents that adversely affect the production of bean crops. In order to manage these pathogens, their identification and distribution is necessary. Plant parasitic nematodes damaging bean are widely reported through the world. In Florida, Belonolaimus longicaudatus ,Paratrichodorus christei, Dolichodorus heterocephalus and Hoplolaimus spp. are reported from bean cultivated field while causing severe damage (Rhoades, 1964, 1974). In Michigan Pratylenchus penetrans was the most common root lesion nematode. In fact Pratylenchus spp. have wide host ranges and are pathogenic to many important crops viz Phaseolus vulgaris. There are a few reports across Iran regarding the plant parasitic nematodes of bean. In a study of plant parasitic nematodes of pulse crops in southern Balochistan, Pratylenchus neglectus and Meloidogyne javanica were reported from bean fields. Five species Aphelenchoides cyrtus, Ditylenchus medicaginis, Merlinius brevidens, D. parvus and Paratylenchus coronatus with 37.6, 30.8, 24.6, 20.5 and 19.1 percent frequency, respectively, were the most common nematode species in the legume fields of Lorestan province. Although Markazi province is one of the poles of bean-growing in Iran but there is a few information about plant parasitic nematodes on bean. The aim of this study was to identify the plant parasitic nematodes associated with bean, determination their population density and geographical distribution. Materials & Methods In order to determine the plant parasitic nematodes 174 root and soil samples were collected from bean fields in Khomein, Shazand and Arak cities during 2012-2013. The samples were analyzed and the population density of the extracted nematodes was counted at genus level using counting slide. Then the obtained nematodes were fixed and transferred to hydrated glycerol, the nematodes were mounted on microscopic slides and identified at species level, based on morphometrical and morphological characters. Cyst nematodes were isolated using Fenwick can technique. After analyzing the samples, infested areas were identified and frequency based on the number of species compared to the total sample were determined. Results & Discussion In this study, 22 species belonging to 18 genera of suborder Tylenchina, infraorder Tylenchomorpha were identified. Ditylenchus destructor, Ditylenchus sp., Aphelenchoides sp. and family of Pratylenchidae including P. neglectus, Zygotylenchus guevarai and Pratylenchoides ritteri from family Merliniidae with 100, 58 and 95 percent frequency respectively, were the most common nematode species in the bean fields of Markazi province. Subfamily of Merliniinae the genera of Merlinius, Scutylenchus, Tylenchorynchus and Amplimerlinius with 56 percent frequency, were found in Khomein and Shazand bean fields. The family of Hoplolaimidae was detected in Khomein and Shazand bean fields with 39 percent frequency. Among the cyst forming nematodes in addition to Heterodera filipjevi which was found in bean fields rotated by wheat, H. goettingianawas found in a bean field in Ghasemabad, Arak, this species in known as pea cyst nematode. H. goettingiana had already been reported from two areas in Dorud region (Lorestan province). This species was found in some wheat fields that bean was one of the crops in rotation. According to the occurrence of this species in bean field in Markazi province which borders Lorestan Province, it seems that it is distributed in pea and bean fields in two provinces. Some nematodes identified in this study are important as plant parasiting and damaging for bean. P. neglectus with 93, 42 and 22 percent frequency respectively detected in the bean fields of Khomein, Arak and Shazand. Root lesion nematodes were reported as the most common nematodes on bean and other legumes in Italy, North africa and Middle East. Elliott & Bird (1985) reported damage of root lesion nematodes in bean fields among 10 to 80 percent.Therefore, it is necessary to research on the importance and evaluation the damage caused by this species. Moreover due to the abundance of Ditylenchus in bean fields of Markazi province, it needs intensive research as far as crop loss aspects are concerned. Conclusion In the present study, among identified nematodes, family of Pratylenchidae was the most important plant parasitic nematode with 58 percent frequency. Also genus of Ditylenchus spp. detected in all of bean fields of Markazi province.

Genetic diversity in bean collection can be used in breeding program for selection of genotype with desirable agronomic traits. Fifty two accessions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been evaluated for genetic diversity of agronomic traits, grain quality and determination of association between grain yield and some morphological traits at Research Farm of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj during 2011. Complete randomized block design with two replications has been used for conduction of experiment and statistical analysis. According to Biodiversity International descriptors traits understudy has been recorded. Descriptive statistics results of traits analysis indicated considerable diversity regarding node number on main stem, 100 seed weight, seed number per plant and pod number per plant. Variation for traits of seed number per plant, 100 seed weight, days to maturity and seed yield per plant ranged between 32-150 seeds, 14.8-74.22 g, 46-96 days and 11.2-55.1 g, respectively. Coefficients of variation for genetic and phenotypic were high regarding traits of node number on main stem, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. All traits except days to flowering (22.3%) and days to forming pod (7.9%) had high heritability between 62.8-82.9%. Based on cluster analysis genotypes understudy classified in tree groups among them two had highest single plant seed yield. Among qualitative characters maximum variation has been observed for pod string and minimum for pod tip curve. According to results of simple correlation, multiple regression and path analysis; pod number per plant, 100 seed weight and seed number per plant as components of yield had the greatest impact on performance of single plant seed yield. During principal component analysis 67.60% of recorded traits variations were due to four factors.

لوبیا از مهم ترین حبوبات در جهان و در عین حال هفتمین محصول عمده ی غذایی جهان محسوب می شود. سطح زیر کشت لوبیا در استان مرکزی در سال 1390 – 1389، 7837 هکتار و تولید 17569 تن و میانگین عملکرد آن 2241.98 کیلوگرم در هکتار بود. لوبیا توسط آفات مختلف از جمله تریپس ها مورد حمله قرار می گیرد. در این پژوهش به منظور شناسایی گونه های مختلف بال ریشکداران (Thysanoptera) در تعدادی از مناطق لوبیا کاری استان مرکزی شامل (اراک، شازند، فراهان، خمین و امان آباد) به صورت هفتگی طی فصول زراعی سال های 1391-92، نمونه برداری منظمی صورت گرفت. تعداد 12 گونه از هشت جنس و سه خانواده شامل لیست زیر شناسایی گردید. در این لیست گونه هایی که با علامت ستاره مشخص شده است، برای اولین بار از استان مرکزی گزارش می شوند. Frankliniella intonsa Trybom, 1895، F. pallida* Uzel, 1895 ، F. occidentalis* Pergande, 1895 Aeolothrips intermedius* Bagnall, 1934، Tenothrips frici Uzel, 1895، Thrips atratus Haliday, 1836، T. tabaci Lindeman, 1889، T. trehernei Priesner, 1927، Microcephalothrips abdominalis* Crawford, 1910، Odontothrips confusus* Amyot & Serville, 1843 ، Scolothrips longicornis* Priesner 1926، Haplothrips reuteri Karny, 1907 هم چنین گونه یThrips tabaci Lindeman با فراوانی 75/65 درصد به عنوان گونه ی غالب تریپس معرفی گردید.

Introduction Red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with 22-25 % protein and 50-60 % carbohydrates are one of the most important legumes in the world, particularly in some developing countries. It is one of the major sources of vegetable protein. With regard to increasing population and increasing the need of protein, the use of plant resources like red bean with a large amount of protein is growing. Modern agriculture is highly dependent on the use of herbicides. Due to increase in the number of herbicide-resistant weeds and environmental concerns, there have been considerable efforts in designing alternative weed management strategies. Although the use of herbicides is the most popular method for weed control, but the use of integrated weed management (considering other methods like conservation tillage, sowing date and method) as an ecological strategy provides a suitable method to reduce herbicides and as a result, to increase the competitiveness of crops and inhibit weed growth. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of weed interference, sowing date and method on growth, yield, and yield components of red bean (var. Akhtar). Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in 2014 at the research field of College of Agriculture (Badjgah region), Shiraz University, Iran, NE (lat 29. 40˚ N, long 52.25˚ W). The soil of research area was clay with pH of 6.92. The experiment was carried out in split-split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included two levels of sowing method (single-row and double-row) and three sowing dates (15 May, 1 June, and 18 June) which were performed in weedy and weed-free conditions. Studied features were included leaf area at flowering stage, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 100-seed weight, pod length, pod weight, number of branches, biological yield, and seed yield. Analysis of variance of the data, correlation, stepwise regression analysis and path analysis was carried out using SAS (2002) software. Duncan´s test was applied to compare means at 5% probability level. Excel (2007) software was used to draw figures. Results and Discussion The results showed that dry weight of both broad-leaf and grass weeds in single-row sowing method was higher than double-row. According to previous researches, competitiveness of weeds at single-row planting pattern was higher than double-row planting method and double-row planting method due to better weed overlap with the closure of the canopy and better competition with crops could control weeds. Weed density and dry weight on 18 June were less than 15 May, and 1 June. The results of the influence of planting date and weed interference on sweet corn growth and development Sweet corn was suggested high weed biomass early, which reflected resource availability to the weed community, but low weed biomass late could be the result of a more suppressive crop, lower weed growth rate, or a combination of the two factors. The effect of sowing method was not significant on all traits except for weed dry weight. Also, the effect of sowing date was significant on all traits except for 100-seed weight and number of branches. All the traits on 15 May and 1 June were higher than 18 June. The results of path analysis showed that number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and biological yield had the highest direct effect on grain yield. According to the results of this experiment, 1June and 15 May sowing date had no significant difference with each other, so these sowing dates could be offered as appropriate sowing dates for red bean in Badjgah region. It should be mentioned that, the Agrotis segetum and Tetranychus urticae activities were higher in early and late season, respectively, and also, density and dry matter of broadleaf weeds were higher on 15 May sowing date (data not shown). Conclusion Generally, with regard to importance of sowing date and method to enhance the red beans yield, suitable weed control, sowing on 1 June with double-row sowing method can be recommended specially for Badjgah region. Key words: Path analysis, Red bean, Sowing date, Sowing method

ABSTRACTPhosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors for dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in tropical acid soils. Dry beans are invariably grown as mono-crops or as inter-crops under the perennial tropical crops. Information is limited regarding the influence of phosphorus fertilization on dry bean yield and yield components and P use efficiency in tropical acid soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of phosphorus fertilization on dry bean growth, yield and yield components and P uptake parameters. Phosphorus rates used were 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg P kg−1 of soil. Soil used in the experiment was an acidic Inceptisol. Grain yield, shoot dry weight, number of pods, and 100 grain weight were significantly (P < 0.01) increased with phosphorus fertilization. Maximum grain yield, shoot dry matter, number of pods, and 100 grain weight were obtained with the application of 165, 216, 162, and 160 mg P kg−1 of soil, respectively, as calculated by regression equations. Grain yield was significantly and positively associated with shoot dry weight, number of pods, P concentration in grain and total uptake of P in shoot and grain. Phosphorus use efficiency defined in several ways, decreased with increasing P rates from 50 to 250 mg P kg−1 of soil. Maximum grain yield was obtained at 82 mg kg−1 of Mehlich 1 extractable soil P. Results suggest that dry bean yield in Brazilian Inceptisols could be significantly increased with the use of adequate rates of phosphorus fertilization.

Common beans are a vital source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. Increasing common beans productivity is crucial for improving food security and farmers’ incomes globally. This study evaluated the growth and yield responses of common beans to integrated organic and inorganic fertilizers under field conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University. The trial was repeated over two consecutive growing seasons in 2020 and 2021, using a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and three replications. The fertilizers used included urea (N) (0, 60, and 90 kg/ha), diammonium phosphate (D) (0, 50, and 100 kg/ha), and farmyard manure (O) (0 and 5000 kg/ha). The results show that integrated fertilizers, particularly O5000N60D50, O5000N60D100, O5000N90D50, and O5000N90D100, significantly increased growth and yield parameters. In 2020, the grain yield increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) by 75.6, 76.7, and 68.4% with the O5000N60D50, O5000N60D100, and O5000N90D100 treatments, respectively. In 2021, O5000N60D50, O5000N60D100, and O5000N90D50 showed significant yield increases of 94.7, 89.6, and 97.9%, respectively. The grain yield strongly correlated with the SPAD value (r = 0.84), number of pods per plant (r = 0.71), and number of seeds per pod (r = 0.66) in 2020, and it more strongly correlated with the SPAD value (r = 0.91), number of pods per plant (r = 0.77), and number of seeds per pod (r = 0.76) in 2021. A principal component analysis highlighted the effectiveness of organic–inorganic fertilizer combinations, particularly O5000N60D50, in enhancing productivity while potentially reducing inorganic fertilizer application. This study demonstrates that integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers enhances sustainable crop productivity and reduces negative environmental impacts, particularly in regions facing nutrient depletion and drought conditions.

Introduction: Use of unbalanced chemical fertilizers especially P, having low absorption efficiency and low solubility compounds with soil components, has resulted in the production and use of bio-fertilizers (17, 23 and 29). Bio-fertilizer is a preservative material consisting of one or several specific beneficial micro-organisms or their metabolic products used to supply plant nutrients and development of root systems (29). There are a lot of micro-organisms in soil capabling help to plant nutrition and uptake of nutrient elements in different ways that can be mentioned by the dual symbiotic relation between micro-organism and plant. Mycorrhizal fungus and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Azotobacter and Pseudomonas are able to increase uptake of nutrient elements particularly when they are applied with others and hence they increase the yield of different crops (12, 14; 24 and 30). P solubilizing fungus and bacteria facilitate uptake of slowly diffusing nutrient ions such as P, Zn and Cu and increase their availabilities usually by increasing volume of soil exploited by plants, spreading external mycelium, secreting organic acids, production of dehydrogenase and phosphates enzymes and reducing rhizosphere acidity (9, 15, 19, 23 and 26). The main beneficial use of micro-organism is increasing of host plant growth. It can be done with increase of nutrient elements uptake. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of P and Zn bio-fertilizers on yield, yield components and shoot nutrient elements in two cultivars of bean for the first time in the Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province. Material and Methods: This field experiment was carried out as a factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments of this research consisted of two cultivars of Chiti bean (Talash and Sadri), four levels of P (P0: Control, P1: Chemical fertilizer on the basis of soil test, P2: 50 percent of recommended P + bio-fertilizer (P), and P3: bio-fertilizer (P)), three levels of Zn (Zn0: Control, Zn1: 50 kg ha-1 Zinc sulphate, and Zn3: bio-fertilizer (Zn)). Bio-fertilizer (P) treatment consisted of mycorrhizal and five strains of Azotobacter chroococcum. Bio-fertilizer (Zn) treatment consisted of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MPFM and Pseudomonas fluorescent strain 187. Grain inoculation (5%) was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Two g of mycorrhizal fungus was applied at the base of the grain hole just prior to sowing. Chemical fertilizers were applied from TSP at a rate of 100 and 50 kg ha-1 in P1 and P2 respectively, 50 kg ha-1 ZnSO4.7H2O in Zn1 and 50 kg ha-1 urea as a starter before planting. The size of each plot was 3 × 4 meters. Statistical analysis was done with SAS) statistical software. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate means. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that there were significant differences between the two cultivars on seed yield, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and Zn, but there was no significant difference between the other parameters. P treatment showed a significant effect on the examined parameters except the number of seeds per pod. The highest content of yield (3446 kg ha-1) was observed in P2 treatment (18.5% seed yield increase). Zinc treatment also had a significant effect on the parameters being studied except the number of seed per pod and manganese (Mn) concentration. The maximum seed yield (3339 kg ha-1) was monitored in Zn1 and Zn2 treatments. The effect of interactions between P and Zn was significant on the number of pods per shrub, 100 seed weight and K concentration, but it was not significant on the other parameters. However the highest content of seed yield (3520 kg ha-1) was obtained from P2Zn1 (32.5% seed yield increase) treatment. Our results were similar to findings of other researchers (1, 3, 12, 15, 17, 26 and 30). They reported that dual inoculation increases plant productivity. In this study, phosphate and Zn bio-fertilizers caused an increase in yield, yield component and shoot nutrient by increasing nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, growth hormones and creating favorable growth conditions. Also results showed that the consume of P fertilizers were decreased (50 percent) with proper integration of chemical and bio-fertilizers. These results correspond with the results of other researchers (17, 22, 23, 24 and 27). Conclusion: In this research proper integration of bio- and chemical fertilizers was shown to increase yield and yield components with increasing and improving P and other nutrients’ uptake in both bean cultivars. The result also indicated that combining bio and chemical phosphate fertilizers increased the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers by 50 percent. Sadri cultivar is a suitable cultivar for Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province and regions with a similar climate. Keywords: Phosphorus, Zinc, Mycorrhizal fungi, Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Insoluble phosphorus and zinc solubilizers

In large Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events, ions and electrons are accelerated to GeV/nucleon and keV in energy. These very high energetic particles are likely accelerated at fast coronal shocks. Observations have shown that the seed population (the particles that participate in the shock acceleration process) is not the bulk solar wind, but the suprathermal population. In this work, we propose to investigate a novel pre-acceleration mechanism that may provide the needed seed population for the subsequent shock acceleration in large SEP events. We examine the transport and acceleration of charged particles by chaotic electric and magnetic fields during the pre-eruptive period. It is demonstrated that a realistic chaotic magnetic field can be produced by any asymmetric current configurations - one such configuration is an asymmetric current wire loop system (CWLS). Observational studies have established the existence of current loops and current filaments at the solar surface and simple configurations as CWLSs inevitably exist in solar active regions. This suggests that the magnetic field at an active region is very much chaotic and time variation of these current configurations induces time-varying electric fields. Therefore, charged particles can be naturally accelerated. We outline an approximate model to study the pre-acceleration process of seed particles in a solar active region prior to eruptions by considering the transport and acceleration of charged particles in a time-dependent chaotic magnetic field.

One of the important things in bean farming is the use of superior seeds supported by the use of organic fertilizers with the right type and dosage so that the productivity of beans will be optimal. This study aims to study the interaction between types and doses of cow manure and chicken manure on the growth and yield of bean pods and to find out the optimum dose of manure fertilizer which has the most optimum effect on the production of bean varieties of Balitsa-2 (Phaseolus vulgaris). The study was carried out at the Lembang Vegetable Research Institute (BALITSA) by using a design of two different average factorial patterns with two factors and three replications and quadratic regression analysis with response surface models. The results of the study on each component of growth and yield of pod production showed significant differences from each treatment at d3 (15 tons / ha) and there was an interaction between the treatment and the dose given to the yield. The treatment of p1 (cow manure) and p2 (chicken manure) by dosing d3 (15 tons / ha) gave the most optimum results of fresh pods and was not significantly different, respectively 10,549 tons / ha and 10.726 tons / ha based on quadratic regression analysis. Thus, it is expected that bean farmers use superior bean seeds and fertilize organically both using chicken manure or cow manure at a dose of 15 tons / ha in order to obtain optimal bean production.

Supplementation with bioproducts (BP) can be an efficient alternative for the crop management, especially in those that are managed with low applications of mineral fertilizers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the complementary application of the bioproducts ME-50 and FitoMas-E (FE) in the increase of the common bean productivity. An experiment was carried out under field conditions with the common bean cultivar Bat-304. Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme (2 × 2). Two levels of mineral fertilization (0 and 50 kg ha -1 ) and the application of the bioproducts ME-50 (100 mL L -1 ) and FE (2 L ha -1 ), with five repetitions were studied. At 40 days after the emergence, the average of trifoliate leaves per plant was determined and in the harvest the number of pods per plant, grains per plant, grains per pod, mass of 100 grains (g) and yield (kg ha -1 ) were evaluated. The results showed that application of the ME-50 and FE bioproducts increased the morphophysiological and productive parameters of the bean, with the consequent increase in yield in the presence of mineral fertilization. The results indicated that the ME-50 bioproduct was superior to the FE in both culture conditions. This study suggests that the use of both bioproducts constitutes an important contribution to the productive management of the species which improved the productive component and consequently the yield.

The effect of salinity stress on five cultivars of common bean: Bassbeer, Beladi, Giza 3, HRS 516 and RO21 were evaluated on a sand/peat medium with different salinity levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) applied 3 weeks after germination for duration of 10 days. Salinity had adverse effects not only on the biomass yield and relative growth rate (RGRt), but also on other morphological parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length and shoot/root weight ratio. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were adversely affected in all cultivars. Leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor varied significantly among cultivars and salt levels. The interaction between cultivars and salt levels for photosynthesis, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor was highly significant at day 10 of salt treatment. The Na uptake among the cultivars varied in the order: HRS 516 <RO21 <Giza 3 <Bassbeer <Beladi. This suggests that HRS 516 was most tolerant cultivar because it was the only cultivar with the highest survival rate and no symptoms of salt stress. RO21 was the most susceptible to salinity as it showed severe symptoms of salt stress and very low survival rate. Key words: Salinity stress, Na+ ions, physiology, photosynthesis, water relations, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

ترکیبات شیمیایی آرد دانه لوبیا عروس (Phaseolus Vulgaris var aroos beans) که یکی از ارقام لوبیاست اندازه‌گیری شد. ایزوله پروتئین آن با استخراج قلیایی در 5/9=pH و ترسیب اسیدی در 5/4=pH بدست آمد. برخی خصوصیات عملکردی آن شامل ظرفیت امولسیون‌کنندگی و کف‌کنندگی در pH 4، 7، 8 و 10 و تاثیر قدرت یونی نمک کلرید سدیم در غلظت‌های 0، 5/0 و 1 مولار مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ایزوله پروتئین لوبیا عروس دارای درصد خلوص 06/89 درصد و بازده تولید 9 درصد بود. ظرفیت امولسیون‌کنندگی و کف‌کنندگی ایزوله پروتئین لوبیا عروس در 7=pH، به‌ترتیب 65 درصد و 42 درصد بود. مقدار این پارامترها با قرار گرفتن در ناحیه قلیایی و دور شدن از نقطه ایزوالکتریک افزایش یافت و بیشترین میزان در 10=pH، به‌ترتیب 23/70 درصد و 33/77 درصد بدست آمد. در طی زمان 90 دقیقه، به‌تدریج از پایداری امولسیون و کف کاسته شد. با افزایش غلظت نمک کلرید سدیم، ظرفیت امولسیون‌کنندگی و کف‌کنندگی کاهش معناداری پیدا کرد.