Effect of milled and lithography-based additively manufactured zirconia (3Y-TZP) on the biological properties of human osteoblasts

Abstract

Statement of problemLithography-based additively manufactured (AM) zirconia has been used to fabricate dental implants and custom barriers for guided bone regeneration procedures. However, studies on the effect of AM zirconia on the biological properties of human osteoblasts are lacking. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of milled and lithography-based AM zirconia on the biological properties of normal human osteoblasts (NHOsts), as well as to compare the chemical composition between the milled and lithography-based AM 3 mol% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) zirconia. Material and methodsThree mol percentage yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal disks (Ø6×2-mm) were fabricated using subtractive milling (Priti multidisc ZrO2 monochrome) (M group) and lithography-based additive manufacturing methods (LithaCon 3Y 210) (AM group) (n=10). NHOsts were exposed to different material extracts (1:1, 1:2, and 1:4) and cytotoxicity, cell migration, cell morphology, and cell attachment biological tests were completed. Additionally, for morphological and chemical analysis, a scanning electronic microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX) evaluation was completed. Data were analyzed by using 1-way ANOVA and the Dunnett test (α=.05). ResultsSubstantial cell attachment and spreading were observed in both material surfaces. The presence of zirconium was evident in both groups, although the percentage of zirconium in the AM group (64.7%) was slightly higher than in the M group (52.6%). When NHOsts were cultured in the presence of the different material eluates, the M and AM groups exhibited similar NHOst viability and migration rates when compared with untreated cells; no significant differences were found (P>.05). ConclusionsThe lithography-based AM zirconia tested showed adequate cytocompatibility without differences when compared with the milled zirconia (M group) specimens. Slight chemical element composition differences were found between milled and lithography-based AM zirconia.