Abstract
Oxidative stress and antioxidant deficiency play a pivotal role in initiation, development, and outcomes of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacokinetic parameters as well as the impact of highly bioavailable lycopene on cardiovascular variables, markers of inflammation and oxidation were investigated during a 30‐day clinical trial in patients with coronary vascular disease. The patients were randomized into two major groups and were supplemented with a single 7 mg daily dose of lycopene ingested either in the form of lactolycopene (68 patients) or in the form of lycosome‐formulated GA lycopene (74 patients). The endpoints included cardiovascular function parameters, serum lipids, and four markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ingestion of lycosome‐formulated lycopene increased serum lycopene levels by 2.9‐ and 4.3‐fold, respectively, after 2 and 4 weeks of the trial, whereas supplementation with lactolycopene upregulated serum lycopene by half‐fold only after 4 weeks of ingestion. Lycosome formulation of lycopene resulted by the end of the trial in a threefold reduction in Chlamydia pneumoniae IgG and reduction to the same degree of the inflammatory oxidative damage marker. The decrease in oxidized LDL caused by lycosome‐formulated lycopene was fivefold. Moreover, supplementation with lycosome‐formulated lycopene was accompanied by a significant increase in tissue oxygenation and flow‐mediated dilation by the end of the observational period. In contrast, lactolycopene did not cause any significant changes in the parameters studied. Therefore, enhanced bioavailability of lycopene promotes its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory functions and endorses a positive effect of lycopene on cardiovascular system.
Highlights
Lycopene is a polyunsaturated multihydrocarbon phytochemical from the tetraterpene carotenoid family with strong antioxidant properties
The development of new nutraceutical formulations of lycopene with enhanced bioavailability and which address impaired processing in the liver has become an important task for modern nutritional science in order to create effective lycopene supplementation
Among Inclusion Criteria were as follows: Caucasian male or female subjects 45–73 years old, ability to sign an informed consent, light-to- moderate smokers (≤10 cigarettes daily), elevated markers for inflammation (Chl.pn-IgG ELISA × 103 ≥ 400 and CRP ≥ 6 μg/ml), elevated serum markers for oxidative stress (LDL-Px ELISA × 103 ≥ 200 U/ml and Inflammatory Oxidative Damage (IOD) ≥ 40 μM/ml), no participation in other dietary trials during the last 3 months before enrollment and duration of study, willingness and ability to comply with the study protocol for the duration of the study
Summary
Lycopene is a polyunsaturated multihydrocarbon phytochemical from the tetraterpene carotenoid family with strong antioxidant properties. It occurs naturally in a variety of fruits and vegetables including tomatoes, watermelon, and papaya (Jain, Mehra, & Swarnakar, 2015). Average intake of lycopene is very low even in the developed world and reflects mostly the amount ingested with cooked tomato products. It has been revealed recently that the participation of lycopene in biological oxidation reactions and scavenging of free radicals leads to irreversible degradation of the lycopene with the formation of end products excreted from the human body (Muller et al, 2011; Petyaev, 2016). Aging and diseases accompanied by oxidative stress (atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer) might be accompanied by lycopene depletion and development of lycopene deficiency. We investigated pharmacokinetic parameters as well as the impact of highly bioavailable lycopene on cardiovascular variables, markers of inflammation, and oxidation in patients with coronary vascular disease
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