Abstract
This paper reviews the effects of Pb and Zn impurities and their removal in the ironmaking process. The phase changes during ironmaking were investigated, along with the removal techniques of such impurities and their environmental impact. Results show that distribution of Pb–Zn–Fe in Fe ore is complicated, the particles are fine, and the removal of mineral phase at high temperature is difficult. Therefore, the production and occurrence of Pb and Zn impurities in the ironmaking process were analyzed; such impurities reduced the overall productivity of the process. In addition, the important treatments for the removal of these impurities were investigated. Most of these processes eliminated the Pb and Zn impurities from the dust or sludge, but the main impact of the reduced productivity of the ironmaking process in the furnaces was still observed.
Highlights
Introduction of Lead and ZincImpurities inA mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound that has specific atomic structure, chemical composition, and physical properties [1]
Abundant iron-containing minerals are present in Fe ore, which mainly occurs in the form of rocks, magnetite (Fe3 O4 ), hematite (Fe2 O3 ), siderites (FeCO3 ), and limonite (2Fe2 O3 ·3H2 O) [2]
Further research should focus on the relevance of the process conditions and input composition with respect to the damage mechanism of the elements present in the blast furnace (BF) lining. Such information can lead to the generation of the limits for these elements in the BF, as well as to the development of an improved internal recycling strategy [18]
Summary
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound that has specific atomic structure, chemical composition, and physical properties [1]. Minerals can be found in different areas and phases. Most minerals (e.g., Fe) have wide industrial application in many aspects of the social economy, such as in steel making. Abundant iron-containing minerals are present in Fe ore, which mainly occurs in the form of rocks, magnetite (Fe3 O4 ), hematite (Fe2 O3 ), siderites (FeCO3 ), and limonite (2Fe2 O3 ·3H2 O) [2]. The growing need for a dramatic reduction of greenhouse gas emissions leads to the development of innovative technologies to reduce energy consumption and emissions in this process [3].
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