Abstract
In most of the predator–prey systems, prey individuals make transitions between vulnerable and invulnerable states or locations. This transition is regulated by various inducible defense mechanisms. Diel vertical migration (DVM) in zooplankton is the most effective and instantaneous defense observed in zooplankton population. Zooplankton shows downward vertical migration in the daytime in the presence of predators (or predator kairomones) to avoid predation (i.e. refuge use), and it enters into the surface water again at night to graze phytoplankton. The dynamics of the planktonic ecosystem under DVM of zooplankton along with fish kairomone and the multiple delays due to migration for vulnerable and invulnerable prey and reproduction in the predator population is of considerable interest both in theoretical and experimental ecologists. By developing mathematical model, we analyze such a system. The conditions for which the system enters into Hopf-bifurcation are obtained. Moreover, the conditions for which the bifurcating branches are supercritical are also derived. Our results indicate that DVM along with the effect of kairomone and multiple delays with a certain range are responsible to enhance the stability of the system around the positive interior equilibrium point.
Published Version
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