Abstract

Smoothies are a popular and convenient way for to consume bioactive compounds from fruits and vegetables such as total phenolics, carotenoids and flavonoids, with the preservation treatment being an important action to guarantee the safety and extension of shelf-life. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of heat treatment (HT) on smoothie prepared with “Fuji “apple (41%), pineapple (31%), cabbage (8%), pumpkin (10%) and banana (10%), by response surface methodology (RSM), where the temperature (70–100 °C) and treatment time (0.5–10.5 min), were the dependent variables. After optimization of HT conditions, a validation assay was performed to guarantee the minimal changes on color and reduction of 90% of polyphenoloxidase enzyme (PPO). Antioxidant activity (Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), DPPH, ABTS), total phenolics content (TPC), pH and solids soluble content were also analyzed. Predicted models of color parameters (L*, a*, ºh) and PPO enzymatic activity were found to be significant (p < 0.05) with regression coefficients (R2) of 0.84, 0.86, 0.92 and 0.97, respectively. From the RSM-generated model, the HT conditions that ensure a minimal green loss of smoothie and inactivation of PPO enzyme was at 85 °C over 7 min. In the validation study, these conditions were tested and proved to be sufficient to achieve the main goals. In the heat-treated smoothie, increases in TPC (10%) and antioxidant capacity (ABTS: 50%, DPPH: 17%, FRAP: 13%) were attained. This study demonstrated that RSM was efficient to select the optimal conditions of HT and improve the important quality properties that influence the product quality and the potential consumer’s health (TPC and antioxidant capacity).

Highlights

  • IntroductionSmoothies are a popular and convenient way of consuming fruit and vegetables and are semiprocessed, not refined and obtained by mechanical treatment (or, less often, by thermal treatment) of fruit followed by preservation [1]

  • The main goal of this study was to optimize, by response surface methodology, the conditions of heat treatment that guarantee the reduction in polyphenoloxidase enzyme (PPO) enzymatic activity, leading to minimal color changes and a bioactive composition

  • The mathematical models for all attributes studied were developed by response surface methodology (RSM) and their adequacy was tested by the

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Summary

Introduction

Smoothies are a popular and convenient way of consuming fruit and vegetables and are semiprocessed, not refined and obtained by mechanical treatment (or, less often, by thermal treatment) of fruit followed by preservation [1]. Different ingredients such as fruit, vegetable, juice, ice, yogurt and milk can be parts of product formulation [2]. Texture and flavor are the key factors influencing consumer acceptability [3]. The activity of the oxidative enzyme polyphenoloxidase (PPO, EC 1.14.18.1)

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