Abstract
Background: The high consumption of fat and sugar contributes to the development of obesity and co-morbidities, such as diabetes, and cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Different strategies have been used to prevent these diseases associated with obesity, such as changes in eating habits and/or the addition of dietary components with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, such as gamma-oryzanol (γOz) present mainly in bran layers and rice germ. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into four experimental groups and fed ad libitum for 20 weeks with control diet (C, n = 8), control diet + γOz (C + γOz, n = 8), high-sugar and high-fat diet (HSF, n = 8), and high-sugar and high-fat diet + γOz (HSF + γOz, n = 8). HSF groups also received water + sucrose (25%). The dose of γOz was added to diets to reach 0.5% of final concentration (w/w). Evaluation in animals included food and caloric intake, body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, uric acid, HOMA-IR, glomerular filtration rate, protein/creatinine ratio, systolic blood pressure, and Doppler echocardiographic. Results: Animals that consumed the HSF diet had weight gain compared to group C, increased insulin, HOMA, glucose and triglycerides, there were also atrial and ventricular structural alterations, deterioration of systolic and diastolic function, decreased glomerular filtration rate, and proteinuria. Gamma-oryzanol is significantly protective against effects on body weight, hypertriglyceridemia, renal damage, and against structural and functional alteration of the heart. Conclusion: Gamma-oryzanol shows potential as a therapeutic to prevent Cardiorenal Metabolic Syndrome.
Highlights
Obesity is considered a public-health problem, with both direct and indirect costs [1,2,3], such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, workdays lost, physician visits, disability pensions, and premature mortality [4]
The pathophysiology of Cardiorenal MetabolicSyndrome (CRS) can be elucidated by four connectors: the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), inflammation, and nitric oxide/reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance [10,11,12]
Insulin, and homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were higher in HSF and HSF + γOz, when compared to control groups
Summary
Obesity is considered a public-health problem, with both direct and indirect costs [1,2,3], such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, workdays lost, physician visits, disability pensions, and premature mortality [4]. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1299 these dietary components has exceeded recommended daily levels, contributing to the development of obesity and its comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney diseases, and negative health consequences linked to modern dietary habits [6,7,8]. All these factors contribute to the strict relationship between obesity and the early development of a constellation of diseases named Cardiorenal Metabolic. The literature reports some experimental models to study the cardio-renal syndrome These models use invasive methods, such as: ligation of the left coronary artery, unilateral nephrectomy and sub-nephrectomy [13,14,15]. The dose of γOz was added to diets to reach 0.5% of final concentration (w/w)
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