Abstract
Skin is exposed to various harmful environmental factors such as air pollution, which includes different types of particulate matter (PM). Atmospheric PM has harmful effects on humans through increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been reported to promote skin aging via the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which in turn can cause the degradation of collagen. In this study, we investigated the effect of fermented fish oil (FFO) derived from mackerel on fine PM (particles with a diameter < 2.5 µm: PM2.5)-induced skin aging in human keratinocytes. We found that FFO inhibited the PM2.5-induced generation of intracellular ROS and MMPs, including MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9. In addition, FFO significantly abrogated the elevation of intracellular Ca2+ levels in PM2.5-treated cells and was also found to block the PM2.5-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase/activator protein 1 (MAPK/AP-1) pathway. In conclusion, FFO has an anti-aging effect on PM2.5-induced aging in human keratinocytes.
Highlights
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have unpaired electrons and unstable bonds, which are properties that can lead to cellular damage [1,2] and the regulation transcription factors such as Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) and NF-kB [3,4]
particulate matter (PM)-induced oxidative stress promoted via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent increase in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [6,8], including MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, can cause skin aging as a consequence of the degradation of collagen [9,10]
PM2.5 has been reported to have harmful effects associated with inflammatory skin diseases, skin aging, and damage to the respiratory system through the generation of intracellular ROS [6,22,23]
Summary
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have unpaired electrons and unstable bonds, which are properties that can lead to cellular damage [1,2] and the regulation transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-kB [3,4]. Cellular ROS can accumulate in response to exogenous stimuli, including air pollution [4]. The skin is the largest organ in the human body and acts as the first-line defense barrier against harmful stimuli such as ultraviolet (UV) light and air pollution, including particulate matter (PM). PM can lead to the development of various skin diseases, including skin aging, alopecia, and skin cancer, through the induction of oxidative stress [6,7]. PM-induced oxidative stress promoted via the production of ROS and subsequent increase in the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [6,8], including MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9, can cause skin aging as a consequence of the degradation of collagen [9,10]
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