Effect of Enzymatic Treatment of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné Extracts on Lipid Accumulation and Adipogenesis in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice.

Ji-Hyun Lee,Dae-Ki Kim,Bori Lee,Joo-Myung Moon,Bong-Joon Song,Young-Mi Lee,Yoon-Hee Kim,Sang-Yong Choi

doi:10.3390/nu11020269

Abstract

Enzyme treatment of the foods and herbs has been used to improve the absorption rate the efficiency of plant extracts by converting the glycosides of the plant into aglycones. In this study, we examined the obesity-inhibitory effect of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné (CI) treated with enzymes such as viscozyme and tannase, which are highly efficient in converting glycosides to aglycones and then compared with untreated CI extract. The enzyme-treated CI ethanol extract (CIVT) was administered orally at various doses for 7 weeks in the high fat diet (HFD)-fed male mice. CIVT administration reduced the body weights, the food efficiency and the serum levels of lipid metabolism-related biomarkers, such as triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and leptin in the dose-dependent manner but not those high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and adiponectin. CIVT also reduced considerably the total lipid amount in the liver and the size of adipocytes in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). CIVT effectively downregulated the adipogenesis-related transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferation activated receptor (PPAR)-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBP-α) but up-regulated PPAR-α, in the liver and eWAT. In addition, when compared to the enzyme-untreated CI 50% ethanol extract (CIEE), CIVT enhanced the reduction of body weight and lipid accumulation. Moreover, the viscozyme and tannase treatment of CI increased the flavonoid contents of the aglycone form. Therefore, our results support that the enzymatic treatment induced the production of aglycones for potentially suppressing the adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in HFD-fed mice. It suggests that CIVT might be an effective candidate for attenuating the over-weight and its related diseases.

Highlights

In plants and plant-derived foods, flavonoids are predominantly in the form of glycosides.But, glycosides have a disadvantage of low bioavailability because of their high polarity and poor absorption ability in human body
At week 7, the mean body weight gain value was increased by ND (6.95 ± 0.46), high fat diet (HFD) (14.20 ± 0.71), CIVT-4 (10.9 ± 0.77), CIVT-20 (6.58 ± 0.48), CIVT-100 (6.35 ± 0.57) and orlistat (ORL) (7.15 ± 0.22), respectively (Figure 1B)
The CIVT-100 showed significant effects in all factors. These results indicate that CIVT decreased epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and liver weight by regulating adipogenesis-related transcription factors

Summary

Introduction

Glycosides have a disadvantage of low bioavailability because of their high polarity and poor absorption ability in human body. These glycosides should be transformed into aglycones (fermented glycoside) to increase bioavailability. Recent studies have reported that treating plants with enzymes increases the contents of various bioactive ingredients [1]. Several studies have selected enzymes such as viscozyme and tannase to increase the bioactive ingredients of various plants [1,2,3]. Viscozyme is a multiple enzyme complex containing a variety of carbohydrate hydrolases [2] and tannase serves to break the ester linkage between the various compounds [3]

Methods

Results

Conclusion