Abstract
Water-soluble dietary fiber such as inulin improves the beta diversity of the intestinal microbiota of mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). The circadian clock is the system that regulates the internal daily rhythm, and it affects the pattern of beta diversity in mouse intestinal microbiota. Burdock (Arctium lappa) root contains a high concentration of inulin/fructan (approximately 50%) and is a very popular vegetable in Japan. Arctium lappa also contains functional substances that may affect intestinal microbiota, such as polyphenols. We compared the effects of inulin and A. lappa powder on the diversity of the intestinal microbiota of HFD-fed mice. 16S rDNA from the intestinal microbiota obtained from feces was analyzed by 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation. It was found to have a stronger effect on microbiota than inulin alone, suggesting that inulin has an additive and/or synergic action with other molecules in A. lappa root. We examined the effects of intake timing (breakfast or dinner) of A. lappa on intestinal microbiota. The intake of A. lappa root in the evening had a stronger effect on microbiota diversity in comparison to morning intake. Therefore, it is suggested that habitual consumption of A. lappa root in the evening may aid the maintenance of healthy intestinal microbiota.
Highlights
The mammalian intestine contains approximately 100 trillion bacteria, which are collectively known as the intestinal microbiota
While the inulin and A. lappa-containing high-fat diet (HFD) increased body weight compared to the cellulose group, there were no significant changes of body weight among the groups
We examined the effects of the timing of A. lappa intake on the intestinal microbiota (Figure 1B), because it is known that the circadian rhythm regulates the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food in the intestine [30]
Summary
The mammalian intestine contains approximately 100 trillion bacteria, which are collectively known as the intestinal microbiota. A. lappa root containing a high concentration of inulin is a very popular vegetable in Japan; there are many Japanese recipes that include A. lappa, and there are many opportunities to eat A. lappa rather than Jerusalem artichoke or chicory. An increase in the concentration of SCFAs and lactic acid may be a good marker for the effects of inulin and A. lappa root on intestinal microbiota. The circadian clock controls the effects of functional foods through timing of intake In this experiment we examined how the intake timing (breakfast or dinner) of A. lappa affected the intestinal microbiota and the concentration of SCFAs. In the first experiment, we examined whether inulin-rich A. lappa root exhibits a similar or different effect on the microbiota of mice compared with pure inulin. We examined the timing effects of inulin-rich food (morning vs. evening) on the microbiota in a schedule of two meals per day
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