Abstract
Aim:An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes of pork sausages treated with conventional smoking (CS) and liquid smoke (LS).Materials and Methods:Pork sausages were prepared by employing CS (T1) and by addition of LS at 3% (T2A), 5% (T2B), and 7% (T2C) while smoking was not done in control (C) sausages. The ready-to-eat pork sausages were evaluated in terms of proximate composition, emulsion stability (ES), cooking loss (CL), pH, water activity (aw), texture profile analysis (TPA), and shear force on the day of preparation and the shelf life of the sausages was evaluated on the basis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, organoleptic qualities, total viable plate count, total psychrophilic count, and yeast and mold counts at 5-day interval up to 15 days under refrigerated storage (6±1°C).Results:The mean percentage moisture and percentage ether extract contents of the conventionally smoked sausages (T1) exhibited significant difference (p≤0.01) with the rest of the formulations. However, in terms of mean percentage crude protein and percentage total solids, no significant difference (p≥0.05) was recorded between the treatment groups. The mean ES (ml of oil/100 g emulsion) of the different sausage emulsions ranged from 1.88 to 3.20, while the mean aw values among the sausage formulations were found to be non-significant. In terms of mean percentage, CL and pH values, significantly lowest (p≤0.01) values were recorded by the T1 sausages. The mean TBARS values recorded at different periods of time in respect of all the treatment groups ranged from 0.10 to 0.33 mg malanoldehyde [MDA]/kg of sausages which are well within the permissible limit. The highest shear force values (KgF) were recorded by the sausages of T1 formulation (p≤0.01), while TPA of the sausages did not record any significant difference (p≥0.05) among the treatments. Organoleptic studies revealed acceptability of the sausages up to 10 days of refrigerated storage irrespective of treatments employed; however, the sausages of T1 formulation scored significantly (p≤0.01) higher panel ratings. Microbiologically, sausages with different formulations were found to be within the acceptable limit up to the 15th day of refrigerated storage.Conclusion:The study revealed that traditional hot smoking has slightly higher edges over the LS-treated sausages in terms of lipid oxidation, microbiological safety, and sensory panel ratings. However, if not superior, the same was found to be well within the acceptable limit in case of LS-treated sausages proving the potentiality of the use of LS as a suitable replacement for the traditional hazardous hot smoking process.
Highlights
In the diverse range of value-added meat products, smoked meat products have always occupied a very important place due to their unique flavor and taste
The percentage ether extract (EE) content of the T1 formulation of sausages recorded significantly higher (p≤0.01) values than the rest of the formulations which may be due to highest cooking loss (CL) and due to loss of moisture content in the smoking process [19]
Choi et al [20] reported that loss of moisture by a smoking process resulting in higher fat content of the restructured sausages
Summary
In the diverse range of value-added meat products, smoked meat products have always occupied a very important place due to their unique flavor and taste. Smoking gives a drying effect to the meat, imparts desirable taste, brings out the color of the meat, and retard the development of oxidative rancidity and the spoilage due to microbial invasion [2]. All these beneficial effects of smoking on meat may be attributed to the combined effects of antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of formaldehyde, carboxylic acids, and phenols [3]. Development of desired sensory properties (such as color, flavor, and appearance) together with safety of the product is main concern in the traditional method of smoking [4]
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