Abstract
The effect of diet on the composition of gut microbiota and the consequent impact on disease risk have been of expanding interest. The present review focuses on current insights of changes associated with dietary protein-induced gut microbial populations and examines their potential roles in the metabolism, health, and disease of animals. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol was used, and 29 highly relevant articles were obtained, which included 6 mouse studies, 7 pig studies, 15 rat studies, and 1 in vitro study. Analysis of these studies indicated that several factors, such as protein source, protein content, dietary composition (such as carbohydrate content), glycation of protein, processing factors, and protein oxidation, affect the digestibility and bioavailability of dietary proteins. These factors can influence protein fermentation, absorption, and functional properties in the gut and, consequently, impact the composition of gut microbiota and affect human health. While gut microbiota can release metabolites that can affect host physiology either positively or negatively, the selection of quality of protein and suitable food processing conditions are important to have a positive effect of dietary protein on gut microbiota and human health.
Highlights
Recent research provides strong evidence that gut microbiota plays an essential role in human health [1,2]
Among the various food nutrients, protein has received increasing attention since it is the primary substrate for important beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and harmful putrefactive metabolites, which can be produced by gut microbiota through proteolytic fermentation and may influence host health and contribute to the risk of diseases [7,8,9,10]
The scope of this review is to examine the physiological functions associated with various gut microbial populations that are influenced by dietary proteins and the processing methods, as reported in humans, animals, and in vitro models, and provide insights on their potential roles in metabolism, health, and disease
Summary
Recent research provides strong evidence that gut microbiota plays an essential role in human health [1,2]. Among the various food nutrients, protein has received increasing attention since it is the primary substrate for important beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and harmful putrefactive metabolites (such as ammonia, amines, hydrogen sulfides, phenols, and indoles), which can be produced by gut microbiota through proteolytic fermentation and may influence host health and contribute to the risk of diseases [7,8,9,10] Some of these metabolites have bioactive properties and play a critical role in signaling and gene expression of the host [11] and have potential involvement with health issues such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases [10]. The scope of this review is to examine the physiological functions associated with various gut microbial populations that are influenced by dietary proteins and the processing methods, as reported in humans, animals, and in vitro models, and provide insights on their potential roles in metabolism, health, and disease
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