Effect of death and dying elective on student empathy and attitudes toward mortality

Abstract

IntroductionPharmacy graduates should be equipped for one inevitable aspect of health care, mortality, yet only 10% of United States pharmacy curricula courses cover end-of-life (EoL) with limited evidence of effectiveness. This study's objective was to evaluate the impact of an EoL elective on student pharmacists' empathy and attitudes toward mortality and caring for terminally ill persons. MethodsFirst- through third-year student pharmacists enrolled in an EoL elective. Students completed pre- and post-course surveys on self-perceptions of empathy and mortality. Surveys included the following: Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale (KCES), which assesses empathy of pharmacy and nursing students; revised Collett-Lester Fear of Death and Dying Scale (CL-FODS), which measures fear related to death; and Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying Scale Form B (FATCOD-B), which measures health care professionals' attitudes toward EoL care. Anonymous identifiers were used to link pre- and post-course surveys and were collected with an online survey software. Data were analyzed using two-sided paired t-tests. ResultsTwenty-seven student pharmacists completed the elective. The change in overall mean scores for KCES, CL-FODS, and FATCOD-B correlated with increased empathy, reduced fear of death, and increased positive attitudes toward caring for terminal patients (KCES pre-course = 86.15 vs. post-course = 90.37; CL-FODS pre-course = 93.70 vs. post-course = 75.15; FATCOD-B pre-course = 115.89 vs. post-course = 124.04). ConclusionsAfter the EoL elective, student empathy and attitudes toward mortality and caring for terminally ill persons improved. Implementing EoL concepts in pharmacy curricula should be explored to better prepare graduates in patient care.