Abstract
Nematophagous fungi include a group of fungal antagonists to nematodes. The nematophagous fungi have been suggested as promising candidates for biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. Impacts of different pH levels, temperature, light intensity, carbon and nitrogen source were tested on the growth of five nematophagus fungi under in vitro conditions. Three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum T7, T8, and T14, one isolate of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia and one isolate of Arthrobotrys oligospora were tested. The results of experiment indicated that the growth of isolates of Trichoderma harzianum was maximum in pH range of 7.008.00. The best growth of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia and Arthrobotrys oligospora was in 4.00-7.00. Effect of temperature differs between range of 15-30°C, for isolates of Trichoderma harzianum was 20-25°C, Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia was 15-20°C, and Arthrobotrys oligospora was 20-25°C. Maximum growth of two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum T7, T8 and Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia was in darkness. Best growth of one isolates of T. harzianum (T7) was in light and maximum growth of Arthrobotrys oligospora and Trichoderma harzianum T14 occurred in 12 h light and 12h dark. The best source of nitrogen for Trichoderma harzianum (T8,T14) was Nitrate potassium, while Nitrate ammonium was the best nitrogen source for (T7).The maximum growth of A. oligospora and P. chlamydosporia occuerd in Nitrate sodium. Between carbon sources Arabinose are suitable for A.oligospora and Trichoderma harzianum (T7).The maximum growth of P. chlamydosporia and T. harzianim (T14) occuerd in the use of fructose. Best growth of T. harzianum (T8) was in Mnitole.
Highlights
Nematodes one of abundant and successful organisms which are located in the very nest of ecological (Xingzhong et al 2009)
Cobb (1917), the forerunner of nematology in the US, proposed that predacious nematodes can be used as biological control of plant parasitic nematodes
Studies on natural processes of destroying nematodes eggs by this fungus in the early stages, but they represent an alternative approach which, if used with other prophylactic measures, may help control species of importance (Lysek et al 1982; Araujo et al 2009). The use of these fungi to parasite the egg of nematodes, is an important biological phenomenon, that can be used for biological control of plant parasitic nematodes
Summary
Nematodes one of abundant and successful organisms which are located in the very nest of ecological (Xingzhong et al 2009). Nematophagous fungi are carnivorous fungal species that use their spores or mycelial structures to capture vermiform nematodes, or use their hyphal tips to parasitize the eggs and cysts of nematodes (Nordbring Hertz 2004), or produce toxins to attack nematodes (Li et al 2000) They are the natural enemies of nematodes and have developed very sophisticated strategies to either infect or capture these small animals. Studies on natural processes of destroying nematodes eggs by this fungus in the early stages, but they represent an alternative approach which, if used with other prophylactic measures, may help control species of importance (Lysek et al 1982; Araujo et al 2009) The use of these fungi to parasite the egg of nematodes, is an important biological phenomenon, that can be used for biological control of plant parasitic nematodes. This fungus is greatly distributed and has been successfully used in laboratory conditions for the parasite of eggs of Meloidogyne sp. (Kerry and Hidalgo 2004), Ascaris suum (Araújo et al 2008).These fungi through the production of appressorium from non specialized hyphae surround the egg surface and with chemical and physical methods penetrate the egg. (Lysek and Sterba.1991; Sharon et al 2001) reported reduced root galling on tomato by Meloidogyne javanica (Tylenchida:Meloidogynidae) after soil pre plant treatment with a peat bran
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