Effect of croton Tonkinensis Gagnep extract on calcium oxalate crystal formation causing kidney stones under in vitro conditions

Abstract

The study investigated the use of Croton tonkinensis Gagnep extract to evaluate its ability to inhibit Calcium oxalate crystal formation, including three main stages: nucleation, growth, and aggregation. Croton tonkinensis Gagnep samples were extracted using a soaking method with 96% ethanol to obtain the concentrated extract. The percentage of inhibition of Calcium oxalate crystal nucleation by the Croton tonkinensis Gagnep extract was determined using spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 620 nm. Meanwhile, the inhibition efficacy on the growth of Calcium oxalate crystals was evaluated by measuring the optical density of the test sample at a wavelength of 214 nm over a period of 780 seconds. The inhibition efficacy on the aggregation of Calcium oxalate crystals by the extract was determined by measuring the optical density at a wavelength of 620 nm at different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 180, 360, and 720 minutes. The research results showed that the extract had a high efficiency of 1.36%. The Croton tonkinensis Gagnep extract contained various compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and phenols. The extract exhibited the ability to inhibit nucleation with an IC50 value of 7.78 mg/mL, as well as inhibit the growth and aggregation of Calcium oxalate crystals with times of 13 minutes and 90 minutes, respectively.