Effect of Compound Probiotics and Mycotoxin Degradation Enzymes on Alleviating Cytotoxicity of Swine Jejunal Epithelial Cells Induced by Aflatoxin B₁ and Zearalenone.

Weiwei Huang,Juan Chang,Chaoqi Liu,Ping Wang,Qingqiang Yin,Xiaowei Dang,Fushan Lu,Tianzeng Gao,Andong Song

doi:10.3390/toxins11010012

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are two main kinds of mycotoxins widely existing in grain and animal feed that cause a lot of economic loss and health problems for animals and humans. In order to alleviate the cytotoxic effects of AFB1 and ZEA on swine jejunal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), the combination of a cell-free supernatant of compound probiotics (CFSCP) with mycotoxin degradation enzymes (MDEs) from Aspergillus oryzae was tested. The results demonstrated that coexistence of AFB1 and ZEA had synergetic toxic effects on cell viability. The cell viability was decreased with mycotoxin concentrations increasing, but increased with incubation time extension. The necrotic cell rates were increased when 40 µg/L AFB1 and/or 500 µg/L ZEA were added, but the addition of CFSCP + MDE suppressed the necrotic effects of AFB1 + ZEA. The viable cell rates were decreased when AFB1 and/or ZEA were added: However, the addition of CFSCP + MDE recovered them. The relative mRNA abundances of Bcl-2, occludin, and ZO-1 genes were significantly upregulated, while Bax, caspase-3, GLUT2, ASCT2, PepT1, and IL6 genes were significantly downregulated by CFSCP + MDE addition, compared to the groups containing 40 µg/L AFB1 and 500 µg/L ZEA. This research provided an effective strategy in alleviating mycotoxin cytotoxicity and keeping normal intestinal cell structure and animal health.

Highlights

Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and accessible in grain, feedstuffs, human foods, animal products, and soil, and are the secondary metabolites of molds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium.Presently, about 300 fungal metabolites from more than 100 species of fungi have been reported to have toxigenic potential [1]
The Preliminary Reaction Time, Concentrations, and Relationship of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ZEA Determined by the Exposed IPEC-J2 Cell Viability
cell-free supernatant of compound probiotics (CFSCP) + mycotoxin degradation enzymes (MDEs) addition had no significant effect on relative cell viability from 6 h to 48 h incubation (p > 0.05)

Summary

Introduction

Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and accessible in grain, feedstuffs, human foods, animal products, and soil, and are the secondary metabolites of molds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium.Presently, about 300 fungal metabolites from more than 100 species of fungi have been reported to have toxigenic potential [1]. Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and accessible in grain, feedstuffs, human foods, animal products, and soil, and are the secondary metabolites of molds such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. ZEA is regularly found in corn and its derived byproducts, secreted by Fusarium graminearum and other microbes, and has a macrocyclic lactone to bind affinity to estrogen receptors for causing estrogenic effects on pigs [5]. It has been regarded as a causative agent of infertility in decreasing milk production in cattle [6]. Mycotoxin contamination is a major health concern for animals and human beings

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