Abstract
ABSTRACT Flux recovery through chemical cleaning was investigated using small-sized membrane modules for application in drinking water treatment using river water as feed. This study focused on the causes of membrane fouling by evaluating the cleaning efficiency with several chemical agents at various conditions. Sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide as basic chemicals, and citric acid, nitric acid, oxalic acid, and sulfuric acid as acidic chemicals were used in the experiment. Each chemical was prepared at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 3, and 5%. The mini-module was made of four strings of polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fibers with pore diameter of 0.038 μm. Flux was tested at constant pressure of 0.5 bar. The experiment was operated at the temperature range of 18.1–25.3°C. To compare the effect of water temperature, cleaning test was performed at the range of 0–5°C. Also, the effect of combination of chemicals was tested with cleaning sequences of base–acid–base and acid–base–acid. The surface characteri...
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