Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases developing in childhood. The incidence of the disease in children increases for unknown reasons at a rate from 3 to 5% every year worldwide. The background of T1DM is associated with the autoimmune process of pancreatic beta cell destruction, which leads to absolute insulin deficiency and organ damage. Complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors contribute to the development of T1DM in genetically predisposed patients. The T1DM-inducing autoimmune process can also affect other organs, resulting in development of additional autoimmune diseases in the patient, thereby impeding diabetes control. The most common T1DM comorbidities include autoimmune thyroid diseases, celiac disease, and autoimmune gastritis; additionally, diabetes can be a component of PAS (Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome). The aim of this review is to assess the prevalence of T1DM-associated autoimmune diseases in children and adolescents and their impact on the course of T1DM. We also present suggestions concerning screening tests.
Highlights
Diabetes is the most common chronic metabolic disease diagnosed in children and adolescents
The background of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is probably associated with the autoimmune process of destruction of pancreatic beta cells by autoantibodies, which leads to absolute insulin deficiency and organ damage
The aim of this paper is to review the literature on autoimmune diseases associated with type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents
Summary
Diabetes is the most common chronic metabolic disease diagnosed in children and adolescents. Gut microbiota is one of the important environmental factors in development of T1DM It may be involved in the progression from β-cell autoimmunity to clinical disease rather than in the initiation of the disease process [11]. It is associated with the onset of autoimmune response and appearance of autoantibodies, sometimes many years before the manifestation of the disease [14]. The frequency of occurrence of these diseases is increased in children and adolescents with T1DM in comparison to healthy children [20, 21] These diseases are associated with the presence of specific autoantibodies in blood serum, which can be detected prior to the development of clinically overt disease [20,21,22]. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on autoimmune diseases associated with type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents
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