Abstract
Normal perovskite solar cells (PSCs) consist of the following layers: transparent electrode, electron-transport layer (ETL), light-absorbing perovskite layer, hole-transport layer (HTL), and metal electrode. Energy, such as electricity, is produced through light absorbance and electron–hole generation/transport between two electrode types (metal film and transparent conducting film). Among stacked layers in a PSC, the transparent electrode plays the high-performance-power-conversion-efficiency role. Transparent electrodes should have high-visible-range transparency and low resistance. Therefore, in this study, we prepared indium tin oxide (ITO) films on a glass substrate by using facing-target sputtering without substrate heating treatment and investigate the heating-treatment effect on the ITO-film properties for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Moreover, we fabricated PSCs with ITO films prepared at various oxygen flows during the sputtering process, and their energy-conversion properties are investigated.
Highlights
During the last decade, interest in renewable energy has been increasing due to environmental problems, such as global warming, air pollution, and conventional-energyresource depletion
For mobility of the indium tin oxide (ITO) film with non-annealing, it increased from 23.1 to 30.1 cm2/V·s with increasing oxygen gas but decreased by 28 cm2/V·s at 0.5 sccm owing to scattering of electrons by atomic oxygen originated from inserted oxygen gas
We investigate the effects of annealing in ITO film deposited at various argon-andoxygen-mixture ratios via facingtarget sputtering (FTS)
Summary
Interest in renewable energy has been increasing due to environmental problems, such as global warming, air pollution, and conventional-energyresource depletion. Conventional solar cells can convert sunlight into electrical energy between the metal and transparent conducting electrodes, which are connected to the load [2]. PSCs have been employed with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)coated glass substrates as transparent electrodes, owing to annealing at high temperatures over 450 ◦C for the TiO2 layer. Instead of FTO electrodes, transparent conducting materials have been introduced as potential materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or metal-doped zinc oxide (ZnO), which have high conductivity and low absorptivity in the visible range. We deposited ITO films on glass substrates via FTS and fabricated PSCs with as-prepared ITO films. The as-prepared ITO films were post-annealed at a temperature of 480 ◦C, and their properties were investigated for use as transparent electrodes in PSCs. we investigated the influence of ITO films on solar cells
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