Abstract
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the susceptibility of potato starch (25%, w/v) suspended in water to degradation by exposure to bacterial α-amylase (0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06%, w/v) for 40 min at 25°C was investigated. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in the structure, morphology and physicochemical properties were observed. HHP-treated potato starch (PS) exposed to α-amylase (0.06%, w/v) showed a significantly greater degree of hydrolysis and amount of reducing sugar released compared to α-amylase at a concentration of 0.04% (w/v) or 0.02% (w/v). Native PS (NPS) granules have a spherical and elliptical form with a smooth surface, whereas the hydrolyzed NPS (hNPS) and hydrolyzed HHP-treated PS granules showed irregular and ruptured forms with several cracks and holes on the surface. Hydrolysis of HHP-treated PS by α-amylase could decrease the average granule size significantly (p <0.05) from 29.43 to 20.03 μm. Swelling power decreased and solubility increased with increasing enzyme concentration and increasing pressure from 200–600 MPa, with the exception of the solubility of HHP-treated PS at 600 MPa (HHP600 PS). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed extensive degradation of the starch in both the ordered and the amorphous structure, especially in hydrolyzed HHP600 PS. The B-type of hydrolyzed HHP600 PS with α-amylase at a concentration 0.06% (w/v) changed to a B+V type with an additional peak at 2θ = 19.36°. The HHP600 starch with 0.06% (w/v) α-amylase displayed the lowest value of T o (onset temperature), T c (conclusion temperature) and ΔH gel (enthalpies of gelatinization). These results indicate the pre-HHP treatment of NPS leads to increased susceptibility of the granules to enzymatic degradation and eventually changes of both the amorphous and the crystalline structures.
Highlights
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important food crop in the world after rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) in terms of human consumption [1]
Hydrolyzed starch with HHP600 by 0.06% (w/v) α-amylase yielded the greatest amount of reducing sugar and the highest percentage of hydrolysis, 29.64 mg mL–1 and 49.36%, respectively
Using an increased enzyme concentration with hydrolyzed native potato starch (hNPS) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) hydrolyzed starches increased the yield of reducing sugar and the percentage hydrolysis
Summary
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important food crop in the world after rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) in terms of human consumption [1]. Potato starch (PS) is used extensively in the food industry as a coating, blending, bulking and thickening agent. In terms of physical properties, PS is unique among commercially available starches (e.g. cereal type) and is used widely in a variety of food systems [4]. This uniqueness is due to the large granule size, purity, relatively long amylose and amylopectin chains, the existence of phosphate ester groups on amylopectin and the ability to form thick visco-elastic gels upon heating and subsequent cooling [5]
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