Efecto de la fragmentación del bosque sobre las fuentes potenciales de alimento para aves en Córdoba

У статті наведені результати досліджень, проведених в 2011-2016 рр. на чорноземі південному в умовах Південного Степу України, з вивчення ефективності оброблення посівів пшениці озимої сучасними рістрегулюючими препаратами по фону внесення мінеральних добрив. Вивчали вплив сортових особливостей пшениці озимої та варіантів живлення на формування показників структури врожаю та рівень урожайності зерна культури. Визначено, що за внесення під передпосівну культивацію пшениці озимої мінерального добрива в дозі N 30 P 30 (фон) та застосування позакореневого підживлення посівів на початку відновлення весняної вегетації та початку виходу рослин у трубку комплексними органо-мінеральними добривами Органік Д2 та Ескор – біо створюються сприятливі умови для формування оптимальних показників структури врожаю та відповідно найвищого рівня врожайності зерна досліджуваних сортів. Так, у середньому за роки досліджень, рослинами пшениці озимої сорту Кольчуга у даних варіантах удобрення сформовано 4,42-4,48 т / га зерна, а сорту Заможність 4,96-4,99 т / га, що перевищило показники контролю на 52,9-55,0 та 62,6-63,6 % відповідно. Із досліджуваних сортів пшениці озимої за комплексом показників кращим визначено сорт Заможність.

Yrd. Do~. Dr. Halil KOCA Erdemli .is a town in Mediterranean Region in Adana. In the town, · economical affairs are based on agriculture and the most developed agricultural activity is citrus fruits. In the north of the town, montainous areas of which hights are sometimes over 2000 m and Taseli Plateau are situated, These morphological units which are so close to the coast prevent the north cold air currents from affecting Mediterranean coasts. So Erdemli coastal area with its features that winter temperatures are above average and frosts are rare differs from ·neighbour areas especially from Adana valleys. As the winter passes warmer in this area, lemon agriculture has gain importance because it requires more heat than other citrus fruits. In .fact Erdemli town whose lemon-growing is over 200 · 000 tons meets over 60 % lemon production of i9C1 and nearly 50 % of Turkiye, Citrus agriculture hits a very important place in Socio-economic development of Erdemli for example, the population has increased rapidly. So' the town management and some village-settlements have,rapidly developed and have become small town. . In Erdemli, the most important lemon agriculturea area in our country, there are some problems. These' problems comes especially from human environment. These problems are; marketing changing lemon prices, and building summer holiday houses over lemon orchards. in this research, examining the geographical basis of lemon'agriculture in Erdemli,·the effect of lemon agriculture on the socio-economic development of the area will be touched and some solutions to the problems of the area will

The spatial behaviour of 20 red deer was analyzed for the first time in the Italian Alps using radio-telemetry, from 1995 to 1997 in the Tarvisio forest, and from 1995 to 1999 in the Susa valley. Two distinct strategies of spatial behaviour were displayed in both study areas, i.e., migratory and stationary. Migratory red deer showed significantly larger annual home ranges, as each year they reached distant summer areas located at higher altitudes. Stationary red deer, instead, remained in the same areas throughout the year, with the exception of summer movement to neighbouring areas at higher altitude. As a consequence of these movements towards and from summer areas, spring and autumn migratory home ranges were significantly larger, while stationary home ranges recorded during spring, summer, and autumn were comparable in size. In winter home range sizes were limited in all monitored deer whenever snow cover reduced their mobility. Migratory red deer movements proved to be markedly affected by snowfall, with their monthly altitudes inversely correlated with snow presence on the ground. Stationary deer vertical movements proved less affected by presence of snow, as they reached lower altitude during summer. During winter, migratory red deer showed a greater use of the Tarvisio supplementary feeding stations, the only study site where this practice was in use. Migratory individuals probably adopted an opportunistic strategy, using the Alpine meadows at higher altitudes during the summer and the feeding stations during the winter, even if the use of feeding stations may be the end result of a poorer knowledge of trophic availability inside the winter areas. During the winter all the monitored deer used the same areas; food supply should be avoided in order not to promote high deer concentration and to reduce the risk of heavy forest browsing.

ronment has a number of decisive consequences for human life. Gilgit-Baltistan is largely a high-mountain desert. Geologically, it spreads over three high mountain systems: Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindukush. Settlements are concentrated in the main river valleys and in the side-valleys, and the largest part of the region is simply uninhabitable because of slope, aridity, or height. Slope and aridity are decisive limitations for subsistence: Agriculture depends on irrigation which is mostly fed by melt-water streams from the glaciers. Slopes have to be terraced for cultivation and extensive networks of irrigation channels have to be constructed and maintained. The vast majority of GBs surface area is, however, simply uninhabitable and uncultivable. Over the last decades, the cultivated area had been extended with the help of development agencies, especially the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP), but in most parts extension has reached its limits now because of unavailability of water for irrigation. The limiting factor is water in late winter and spring: When water is most needed for the beginning of the agricultural period, it is most scarce because of reduced outflow from the glaciers in the cold season. Beside various sorts of grains that are cultivated – formerly especially barley while today wheat and maize prevail – vegetables and fruits are grown, in the first place apricots, apples and walnuts. In the past, dried fruits played a very significant role especially for diet in winter. Agriculture was always combined with animal husbandry, not only because crops were insufficient but, even more importantly, because manure was required as fer tilizer for the fields. Sheep, goats, cows, in the higher areas also yaks, and chicken are kept. There is a locally variegated system of transhumance. In summer, livestock is mostly kept on high pastures. Cows, goats and sheep descend to the permanent settlements in the valleys in September while yaks

(2006). Effects of winter temperature on phytoplankton development in acidic mining lakes. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 1423-1426.

Developing Countries like India has more than half of the population engaged in fishery, agriculture etc. and agriculture drives the economy of the Nation. Traditional survey methods are tedious and time consuming, however, with advancement in Remote Sensing Technology data for Agriculture monitoring can be obtained at local and regional scale. The present study demonstrates the use of multi-year multi-date Sentinel-2 MSI data for winter crop monitoring in in Visnagar taluka Mahesansa district of Gujarat state. Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data covering study area for the winter crop period from November-2018 to March-2019 was downloaded from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ .The major objective of this study was to monitor site-specific crop growth in different villages of Visnagar Taluka by generating Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) profiles of major winter crops. The spectral behavior of wheat, mustard, Fennel and castor crops during active growth stages was studied. The results indicated that different winter crops can be discriminated using the data during the early growth phases like flag-leaf emergence to flowering stages of these crops. Even it was observed that the spectral response of normal-sown and late-sown wheat crop have quite distinct spectral behavior as compared to other winter crops. In this study, the NDVI profiles of different winter crops indicated that Last week of January to first week of February, when all the winter crops were at grand growth stages of grain filling and grain-milk, pod formation (mustard & castor) stages have similar NDVI values, therefore during this period major winter crops in this region may not be possible to discriminate using single date satellite data.

بررسی پارامترسازی عمق لایه پایدار شبانه و تاثیر آن در آلودگی هوای یک منطقه شهری با توپوگرافی پیچیده (تهران)

Winter squash fruit is a non-climateric fruit which produced very low ethylene as intact fruit but peeled or sliced mesocarp produced a considerably high wound-ethylene. In certain level of concentration, ethylene could induce various reaction in the wound tissue. This study has objectives of obtaining informations on the influence of wound ethylene on the activities of peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase (PAL) which catalyze some physiological process related with the changes in colour, flavour, and taste in the wound fruit tissue or its products. Experiments in this study were conducted in continous phase of 44 hours using flowlhrough system at 25 °C. Analysis and measuremets were done for ethylene, POD, PPO, and PAL enzymes at certain time interval. The sample used were disks of 9 mm in deameter and 2 mm thickness and cylinders of 14 mm in deameter and 2 cm in heihgt. The Results of this study indicated that the presence of wound combined with the certain level of wound ethylene formation induced the POD enzyme activity. The PPO activity increased proportionally with the increased surface area ratio to the fresh weight of wounded tissue. PAL activity was only evident 3 hours after wounding. The PAL activity increased following the same pattern of wound ethylene formation. The larger the woundsurface area ratio to the fresh weight of the tissue, the more ethylene were produced, and the higher the activities of those enzymes. Various pretreatments could effectively suppress the formation of wound ethylene and lowered activities of those enzymes.

Water quality is one of the most important concerns. This study focused on screening of the most dangerous heavy metals(cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel)in fresh water sources (surface and groundwater) of study area, Sohag governorate, Egypt. Ninety samples were collected from 15 sites along the study area extending from Tima to Dar-Elsalam cities; 12 wells and 3 Nile river local sites, 6 samples for each site, three during winter and three during summer. Results indicated that, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electric conductivity(EC) parameters in all samples increased significantly in summer than winter. While pH increased in winter than summer. All tested physical parameters of samples were within the safe limit of drinking water as prescribed by WHO, except pH in samples S 1 and S 3 . The concentration of metals in the study area showed that all tested samples were free from Cr during winter or summer season. Also, Cu was not recorded in winter but appeared during summer season within permissible limit. Nickel (Ni) was recorded in all tested samples within permissible limit. On the other hand, Cd and Pb were recorded over than permissible limit in some samples. This study may represent dangerous alarm for the potential threats to the fresh water resources in study area.

جهت وزش بادها و شرایط تلاطمی و شارهای درون جو مجاور سطح زمین از مهم‌ترین عوامل جوی مؤثر در الگوی پراکنش و پخش انواع آلاینده های هوا پس از خروج از منابع انتشارات آن‌هاست. در این پژوهش با استفاده از شاخص ترمودینامیکی ترکیبی اولری ـ لاگرانژی (EDMF) موجود در مدل میان مقیاس آلودگی هوا (TAPM)، الگوی پراکنش آلاینده ها در جو مجاور سطح زمین در شرایط هوای ناپایدار و وزش باد در شهر تهران مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. برای انتخاب روزهای مورد بررسی از داده های سه ساعتی سه ایستگاه هواشناسی سطح شهر تهران استفاده شد. بنابراین دو روز دارای وزش باد قابل توجه در هر سه ایستگاه همدید مورد بررسی شامل یک روز از دوره گرم سال و یک روز از دوره سرد سال انتخاب شد و با تهیۀ نقشه های جوی سطحی و ترازهای بالا وضعیت عمومی هوای حاکم بر منطقه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. داده های انتشارات از دو منبع نیروگاه و پالایشگاه نفت تهران واقع در جنوب شهر به مدل معرفی شد. اجرای مدل در ورودی هواشناسی با سه یاخته تودرتو با ابعاد افقی ۴، ۹/۳ و ۳ کیلومتر و ورودی آلودگی با ابعاد ۱۰۰۰، ۹۷۵ و ۷۵۰ متر تعریف شد. ورودی آلودگی بر مبنای مدل های اولرین و لاگرانژین تعریف و خروجی‌های آن‌ها برای درونی‌ترین شبکه محاسبه شد. نتایج حاصل از شبیه‌سازی حاکی از آن است که شرایط وزش باد، افزایش میزان انرژی جنبشی تلاطم ناشی از سرعت باد و شرایط ناپایدار جوی، با انتقال افقی آلاینده‌ها و ایجاد حرکات قائم فرازشی سبب تعدیل آلودگی می شود.

In the article the main factors: solar radiation, atmosphere’ circulation processes and relief defining the climate features of Samtskhe-Javakheti are discussed. On the basis of mentioned factor analysis, it is revealed that their impact and intensity is changed according territory and by seasons. This difference and weather particular conditions connected with it determine the climate conditions features in different places according the seasons. On the basis of these factors analysis it has become possible to divide Samtskhe-Javakheti into climate areas, for which article of Sh. Javakhishvili “Сlimatic zoning map of Georgia” and 40-year series were used. In the Samtskhe-Javakheti region the following 7 climatic areas areal located: -Moderately humid climate with cold winter and short summer (1); -Moderately dry (steppe) subtropical mountainous climate with small snow cold winter and long warm summer (2); -Moderately dry(steppe) subtropical mountainous climate with cold, small snow winter and long cool summer (3); -Mountain climate with cold winter and long summer transferred from humid maritime to humid continental one (4); -Mountain climate with cold winter and short summer transferred from humid to moderately humid one (5); -Moderately dry subtropical mountainous climate with cold, small snow winter and short summer (6);- Mountainous moderately humid climate with exception of real summer conditions (7).

To explore the mechanism of exogenous organic materials enhancing soil organic carbon and soil fertility, based on a long-term experiment located in Hengyang Red Soil Experimental Station, we examined the effects of winter green manure and straw returning patterns (CK, winter fallow; MV, winter Chinese milk vetch; S, early-season rice straw total returning; DS, early-season and late-season rice straw total returning; SMV, winter Chinese milk vetch + early-season rice straw total returning; DSMV, winter Chinese milk vetch + early-season and late-season rice straw total returning) on soil aggregates and organic functional groups. The results showed that the proportion of super aggregates (>2 mm) and macroaggregates (0.25-2 mm) in double cropping rice soil was the highest with a ratio of about 72.1%-81.8%, and the organic carbon content in the two kinds of aggregates was as high as 12.1-20.7 g·kg-1, accounting for 22.7%-59.0% of the total organic carbon. The main organic functional group in paddy soil was polysaccharides, followed by aliphatic carbon and aromatic carbon. The abundance of all those groups was affected by winter Chinese milk vetch growing and straw returning. Compared with other treatments, DSMV significantly increased the proportion of super aggregates (>2 mm) and macroaggregates (0.25-2 mm) and favored the accumulation of inert carbon such as aromatic carbon in the two kinds of aggregates. DSMV could enhance the stability of soil aggregates and organic matter, which had high potential in the real agricultural production.

Introductionin current situation when world is facing massive population, producing enough food and adequate income for people is a big challenge specifically for governors. This challenge gets even harder in recent decades, due to global population growth which was projected to increase to 7.8 billion in 2025. Agriculture as the only industry that has ability to produce food is consuming 90 percent of fresh water globally. Despite of increasing for food demand, appropriate agricultural land and fresh water resources are restricted. To solve this problem, one is to increase water productivity which can be obtain by irrigation. Iran is not only exempted from this situation but also has more critical situation due to its dry climate and inappropriate precipitation distribution spatially and temporally, also uneven distribution of population which is concentrate in small area. The only reasonable solution by considering water resources limitation and also restricted crop area is changing crop pattern to reach maximum or at least same amount of income by using same or less amount of water. The purpose of this study is to assess financial water productivity and optimize farmer’s income by changing in each crop acreage at basin and sub-basin level with no extra groundwater withdrawals, also in order to repair the damages which has enforce to groundwater resources during last decades a scenario of using only 80percent of renewable water were applied and crop area were optimize to provide maximum or same income for farmers. Materials and methodsThe Neyshabour basin is located in northeast of Iran, the total geographical area of basin is 73,000 km2 consisting of 41,000 km2 plain and the rest of basin is mountains. This Basin is a part of Kalshoor catchment that is located in southern part of Binaloud heights and northeast of KavirMarkazi. In this study whole Neyshabour basin were divided into 199 sub-basins based on pervious study.Based on official reports, agriculture consumes around 93.5percent of the groundwater withdrawals in Neyshabour basin and mostly in irrigation fields, surface water resources share in total water resource withdrawals is about 4.2percent, which means that groundwater is a primary source of fresh water for different purposes and surface water has a minor role in providing water supply services in the Neyshabour basin. To determine crop cultivation area, major crops divided into two groups. two winter crops (Wheat and Barley) and two summer crops (Maize and Tomato). To accomplish land classification by using supervised method, a training area is needed, so different farms for each crop were chosen by consulting with official agricultural organization expert and multiple point read on GPS for each crop. The maximum likelihood (MLC) method was selected for the land cover classification. To estimate the amount of precipitation at each 199 sub-basins, 13 station data for precipitation were collected, these stations are including 11 pluviometry stations, one climatology station and one synoptic station. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is needed to estimate actual yield (Ya). Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) technique were applied on Landsat 8 OLI images. To calculate actual ETa, the following steps in flowchart were modeled as tool in ArcGIS 10.3 and a spreadsheet file. To estimate actual crop yield, the suggested procedure by FAO-33 and FAO-66 were followed. Financial productivity could be defined in differently according to interest. In this study several of these definition was used. These definitions are Income productivity (IP) and Profit productivity (PP). To optimize crop area, linear programing technique were used. Results and discussionaverage actual evapotranspiration result for each sub-basin are shown in context. In some sub-basins which there were no evapotranspiration are shown in white. And it happens in those sub-basins which assigned as desert in land classification. In figures 8 and 9 minimum amount of income and profit productivity for wheat and barley is negative, this number means in those area the value of precipitation is higher than value of evapotranspiration, so lower part of eq. 21 and 22 would be negative and in result water productivity would be negative. Since most of precipitation occurs during cold season of the year these numbers are expected. Two sub-basins of 43 and 82 has the value of negative, it means in these two sub-basins groundwater are recharging during the year 2014-2015.The maximum value of income and profit productivity belong to wheat and barley which are winter crops and mostly rain fed, so amount applied water would be so low and in result productivity increased. Among the summer crops maize has the most income and profit income which can be interpret due to their growing period and the crop types. Maize has around 110 days to reach to maturity and harvest, on the other hand tomato needs 145 days to harvest. Some plant is C3 and some are C4. C4 plants produce more biomass than C3 crops with same amount of water which leads to more productivity. The results showed that tomato should have the most changes in area reduction (0.2) and maize should have no changes in both scenarios. Crop area should reduce to 66percent of current cultivation area to maintain ground water level and only 6percent reduction in cultivation area would result in 20percent groundwater recharging. Conclusion to save groundwater resources or even retrieve the only water resource, cultivation area must reduce if the crop pattern will not change. In this study only four crops were studied. It seems best solution is to introduce alternative crop.

This study was carried out to analyze the variations of Benzene, Toluene, and para- Xylene (BTp-X) present in the urban air of Delhi. These pollutants can enter into the human body through various pathways like inhalation, oral and dermal exposure posing adverse effects on human health. Keeping in view of the above facts, six different locations of Delhi were selected for the study during summer and winter seasons (2016-2017). The concentrations of BTp-X on online continuous monitoring system were analyzed by chromatographic separation in the gaseous phase followed by their detection using a Photo Ionization Detector (PID). The concentrations of BTp-X were found maximum at a high traffic intersection area as 68.35±48.26 µg/m3 and 86.84±32.55 µg/m3 in summer and winter seasons respectively and minimum at a residential area as 4.34±2.48 µg/m3 and 15.42±9.8 µg/m3 in summer and winter seasons respectively. The average BTp-X concentrations of summer and winter seasons were found as 9.88, 20.68, 28.52, 49.75, 64.04, and 77.59 µg/m3 at residential, institutional, commercial, low traffic intersection, moderate traffic intersection and high traffic intersection areas respectively. Clearly, it has been found that the concentrations of these compounds were more on the traffic areas indicating that the vehicles are the major emission source. Hence, it may be concluded that the number of vehicles along with the high traffic congestion on the city streets and roads results in more accumulation of aromatic compounds and deteriorate the urban air quality.

This paper presents a rail network vulnerability analysis to identify which links within the Dutch rail network are most vulnerable to winter weather. A vulnerability index was developed to measure rail vulnerability during winter weather based on switch-related disruptions, integrating both node and link components into a probabilistic measure of vulnerability. The analysis looked at disruption data for 379 Dutch stations during the years 2007-2017. Links in dense population areas, which operate a high number of switches, are most susceptible to winter disturbances. Particularly, three main railway stations (Utrecht, Amersfoort and Zwolle) are the most critical locations within the network in terms of extreme winter conditions and disruptions. In addition, we developed two scenarios to analyse implications of different railway switch reduction strategies on rail vulnerability. The proposed rail vulnerability index can be a useful tool to define operational strategies to reduce the vulnerability of the Dutch railway network. Decreasing the number of switches at station areas appears to be more effective for reducing railway vulnerability than decreasing the number of switches throughout the entire network.