Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease has a complex neurological mechanism. Compared with other modalities, electroencephalogram (EEG) can reflect FOG-related brain activity of both motor and non-motor symptoms. However, EEG-based FOG prediction methods often extract time, spatial, frequency, time-frequency, or phase information separately, which fragments the coupling among these heterogeneous features and cannot completely characterize the brain dynamics when FOG occurs. In this study, dynamic spatiotemporal coherent modes of EEG were studied and used for FOG detection and prediction. A dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method was first applied to extract the spatiotemporal coherent modes. Dynamic changes of the spatiotemporal modes, in both amplitude and phase of motor-related frequency bands, were evaluated with analytic common spatial patterns (ACSP) to extract the essential differences among normal, freezing, and transitional gaits. The proposed method was verified in practical clinical data. Results showed that, in the detection task, the DMD-ACSP achieved an accuracy of 86.4 ± 3.6% and a sensitivity of 83.5 ± 4.3%. In the prediction task, 86.5 ± 3.2% accuracy and 86.7 ± 7.8% sensitivity were achieved. Comparative studies showed that the DMD-ACSP method significantly improves FOG detection and prediction performance. Moreover, the DMD-ACSP reveals the spatial patterns of dynamic brain functional connectivity, which best discriminate the different gaits. The spatiotemporal coherent modes may provide a useful indication for personalized intervention and transcranial magnetic stimulation neuromodulation in medical practices.
Published Version
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