Educational conditions in the Mosul Brigade in the second half of the nineteenth century

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The educational conditions in Mosul suffered from neglect for a long time, due to the fact that during the Ottoman era, Mosul became a scene of wars and invasions, and since the mid-nineteenth century, Mosul began to witness signs of a gradual transformation in the field of education represented in the emergence of modern public, private and foreign schools, in the context of the reform movement The Ottomans (Tanzimat Era 1839-1876) Laws were issued and measures were taken to improve the conditions of education and subject it to state supervision. In the year 1846, a law was issued calling for the principle of free and compulsory education, and the following year the Ministry of Public Education was established, “Amour al-Maarif al-Amami Nazrati,” and the Public Knowledge Law was issued, “Public Knowledge, Systemamah C” in 1869, despite these reforms. Which was carried out by some Ottoman governors, but it did not leave a trace in Mosul until the last decade of the nineteenth century. An elementary school was established in it in the year 1861, and it included classes for the intermediate stage (Al-Rushdiyah) until the year 1890 when the primary school separated from the middle school. As for the second school, which opened In Mosul, it is the School of Trades, which was founded by Midhat Pasha in 1871. As for the Mosul Encyclopedia, it was founded in 1894. In our research tagged (the educational conditions in the Mosul district in the second half of the nineteenth century), we discussed the conditions of education, represented by the religious schools and schools in Mosul at that period, because they included the boys’ and girls’ schools, as well as religious (scientific) schools, and official primary and civil schools for boys. and girls.