Abstract

The increasing demand for mobile power supplies in electric vehicles has motivated intense research 18 efforts in developing high-performance electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices. However, 19 current EES technologies have not met the requirements for various applications to improve 20 performance and safety, and reduce cost and environmental footprint. Advanced materials, including 21 active anode and cathode materials, inactive carbon and binding additives, metal current collectors, 22 separators, and electrolytes, play the essential role in supporting battery operations. Particularly, the 23 interface engineering of distinct phases or components in composite electrodes and electrolytes, as well 24 as the hierarchical structure design for each component or multi-component device, can address many 25 fundamental issues associated with the charge transport kinetics, electrochemical characteristics, and 26 chemical/physical/mechanical properties. Therefore, it is possible to improve the energy storage 27 performance, reliability, and safety by investigating the interface and structure. 28

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