Abstract
Current knowledge of stem cell biology, as well as various cell culture technologies that have been established in recent years, supports the field of developmental biology and regenerative 32 medicine (Ikeya et al., 2021a, b). Stem cells include embryonic stem cells (Martin, 1981; 33 Thomson et al., 1998) with pluripotent differentiation ability retained by fertilized eggs, and 34 induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) cells (Takahashi et al., 2007;Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006), 35 which have been developed by cell culture and molecular biological technologies. In addition, 36 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are known as multipotent adult 37 stem cells (Gao et al., 2021), capable of differentiating into various mesenchymal cells and 38 have contributed to regenerative medicine as biological microdevices. Tissue-specific stem 39 /progenitor cells that can be isolated from various adult tissues can contribute to the specific 40 tissue types for physiological tissue maintenance and repair after damage (Prentice, 2019). The 41 use of these stem/progenitor cells has been further enhanced by genetic engineering and 42 embryological strategies (Wang et al., 2021). For example, the use of signal transduction 43 mimicking the developmental stages of tissues to induce specific cell differentiation, the 44
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