Abstract
In the 22 years of this study, much has been learned about renal tumors and their management including their oncological diversity, the critical importance of renal functional preservation whenever possible, vast improvements in radiological imaging techniques and nephrometry scoring, evolving minimally invasive (MIS) and thermal ablative approaches, and the selective use of renal mass biopsy (RMB). The authors effectively incorporated these advances into their management of challenging renal tumors in horseshoe kidneys (HK) (RENAL scores 8-10) in which 19 (44%) patients had the more potentially malignant clear cell RCC, 24 (57%) patients had partial nephrectomy (PN), 2 patients underwent thermal ablation, and long term dialysis was required in only 3 patients.
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