Abstract
The mainstay of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treatment remains effective intravesical therapy, with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) being the gold standard for high-risk disease, and intravesical chemotherapy frequently used as a second line option or for intermediate risk disease. A key issue that has historically been understudied is how well patients tolerate these agents, and how treatment-related side effects caused by the different agents compare to one another. Indeed, in the landmark SWOG study investigating the use of BCG for NMIBC, only 16% of all participants in the maintenance arm received all scheduled BCG treatments,1 underscoring the high burden of treatment-related side effects and the potential downstream effects of resulting treatment failure, including disease progression and cystectomy.
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