Ecosystem accounting to support the Common Agricultural Policy

Nicolas Grondard,Lars Hein,Lenny G.J Van Bussel

doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108157

Nicolas Grondard, Lars Hein + Show 1 more

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108157

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Journal: Ecological indicators	Publication Date: Sep 2, 2021
Citations: 9	License type: cc-by

Affiliation: Wageningen University & Research

Abstract

The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EA) provides an integrated statistical framework which organizes spatially explicit data on environmental quality, natural capital and ecosystem services and links this information to economic activities such as agriculture. In this paper we assess how the SEEA EA can support the monitoring and evaluation of environmental objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). We focus on the Netherlands, for which an elaborate set of SEEA EA accounts has been published, and the themes of nitrogen pollution and farmland biodiversity. We studied the completeness of indicators included in the accounts, their quality and analysed how the accounts could support agri-environmental reporting, agri-environmental measures effectiveness assessments, and results-based payments to farmers. As a reference we used the Driving forces – Pressures – State – Impacts - Responses (DPSIR) framework. The Dutch SEEA EA accounts only include half of the indicators which we considered essential to assess the effects of farming on natural capital and ecosystem services for the two studied environmental themes. However, most gaps in the accounts could be filled with other publicly available environmental monitoring data. Regarding N pollution, the availability and reliability of indicators at landscape and farm scales are not sufficient to support the assessment of agri-environmental measures effectiveness and results-based payments to decrease N pollution. The accounts have a higher potential to support the assessment of measures to conserve farmland biodiversity, in particular due to high resolution maps of ecosystem extent and ecosystem services flows. The potential of the SEEA EA accounts may be more limited in other countries where ecosystem accounting has only recently started. However, the SEEA EA is also implemented at the European Union scale, so that SEEA EA indicators will gradually become available for all European countries. To enhance the relevance of the SEEA EA in the agri-environmental policy area, we recommend to integrate information on farming emissions (externalities) recorded in the SEEA Central Framework with SEEA EA accounts and evaluate the applicability of SEEA EA accounts for case studies at landscape and farm scales. Our research shows that the Dutch SEEA EA accounts, complemented with other data sources, have potential to strongly enhance the CAP monitoring and evaluation framework but further steps need to be taken to fill data gaps.

Highlights

Since the 1950′s, farming intensification has driven an unprecedented increase in food output of agricultural systems in many parts of the world including Europe
We address three research questions (1) Which indicators are required to evaluate the effects of farming practices on natural capital (NC) and ecosystem services (ESs)?; (2) Do the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting - Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA ecosystem assets (EAs)) accounts contain the required indicators to evaluate the effects of farming practices on NC and ESs, and if not, are there complementary environmental monitoring systems that can enhance the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) EA?; (3) Are the available indicators in the SEEA EA accounts and complemen tary monitoring systems sufficient to support the monitoring and eval uation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) environmental objectives? To address the third question, we examine three potential policy applications: (i) reporting on the achievement of specified agri-environmental objectives in a re gion or country; (ii) assessment of Agri-Environment Measures (AEMs) effectiveness; and (iii) sup porting results-based AEMs
In applying SEEA EA in support of CAP implementation, it is crucial that these uncertainties are understood and that it is considered to what degree SEEA EA is able to provide robust data in spite of their occurrence

Summary

Introduction

Since the 1950′s, farming intensification has driven an unprecedented increase in food output of agricultural systems in many parts of the world including Europe. The CAP currently includes three main envi ronmental objectives: (1) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (2) the sustainable management of natural resources (soil, air and water); and (3) the enhancement of biodiversity and ESs (EC, 2018a). To pursue these environmental goals, income support payments to farmers have been made conditional to compliance with minimum environmental standards established by the main EU environmental directives and the implementation of greening measures. Agri-Environment Measures (AEMs) provide farmers with incentives to implement mea sures that go beyond the minimum environmental standards and greening obligations. Synthesis of studies on AEMs show an overall moderate positive effect on farmland biodiversity (Batary et al, 2015), but environmental effectiveness varies significantly across AEMs schemes (Kleijn et al, 2011; Uthes and Matzdorf, 2013)

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