Ecological significance and multifaceted roles of macrofungi in a changing world. A review

Abstract

Macro-fungi, members of the Basidiomycota and Ascomycota groups, are large fungi with visible fruiting bodies, significant for their ecological roles. They serve as decomposers, mutualistic partners, and pathogens, influencing nutrient cycling, ecosystem functions, and biodiversity. The diverse phylum Basidiomycota comprises many macro-fungi with above-ground or below-ground fruiting bodies. Among approximately 100,000 fungal species, around 6,000 produce observable fruiting bodies and sclerotia. They engage in various lifestyles, including symbiotic and saprophytic relationships, impacting ecosystems and offering applications in biotechnology, medicine, and ecology. Macro-fungi influence forest services directly through food and resources, and indirectly by participating in ecological processes like nitrogen cycling. Global changes, such as climate shifts and habitat fragmentation, affect macro-fungi, potentially disrupting ecosystem dynamics. However, the conservation of macro-fungi is often overlooked, with limited understanding of their roles and vulnerability. Understanding their interactions with plants, animals, and substrates is crucial for effective conservation. Macro-fungi can influence nutrient cycling through mycorrhizal associations and contribute to ecological restoration. Despite challenges in studying them, macro-fungi hold promise for bio-remediation and technological applications. Preserving their diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem balance and harnessing their benefits.