Abstract
Urbanization in stream catchments can have strong effects on stream channel hydrogeomorphic features including channel dimensions, channel-floodplain connectivity, and flood regime. However, the consequences of hydrogeomorphic alterations on aquatic-terrestrial subsidy dynamics are largely unexplored. We examined the associations among hydrogeomorphic characteristics, emergent aquatic insect assemblages, and the density and trophic dynamics of riparian spiders of the family Tetragnathidae at 23 small urban stream reaches in the Columbus, OH (United States) Metropolitan Area. Naturally abundant stable isotopes of 13C and 15N were used to quantify the relative contribution of aquatically derived energy (i.e., nutritional pathways deriving from algae) to tetragnathid spiders and their trophic position. Bankfull discharge was negatively related to both emergence rate and family richness. On average, tetragnathid spiders relied on aquatically derived energy for 36% of their nutrition, with the greatest reliance found for spiders next to channels with wider flood-prone widths and proportionally fewer emergent insects of the family Chironomidae. Mean emergent aquatic insect reliance on aquatically derived energy was 32% and explained 44% of the variation in tetragnathid aquatically derived energy. A positive relationship between δ13C of tetragnathid spiders and emergent insects provides additional evidence of tetragnathid reliance on emergent insects. Mean tetragnathid trophic position was 2.85 and was positively associated with channel sinuosity and negatively associated with aquatic insect emergence rate. Sinuosity was also positively related to aquatically derived energy of emergent aquatic insects; as well as emergent insect family richness; % Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT); and aquatic insect emergence rate; implicating instream habitat-mediated shifts in emergent aquatic insect communities as an indirect mechanistic link between hydrogeomorphic processes and spiders. Our findings underscore that the impacts of stream hydrogeomorphic alterations can cascade into terrestrial food webs. These results suggest that monitoring and restoration of fluvial geomorphic form and function (e.g., sinuosity, slope, and hydrology) confer benefits to both aquatic and terrestrial riparian ecosystems in urban catchments.
Highlights
Streams are closely linked to the surrounding landscape through bidirectional fluxes of organisms, material, and energy between the stream and riparian zone (Baxter et al, 2005; Richardson et al, 2010; Sullivan and Rodewald, 2012)
Riparian spiders can be heavily dependent on aquatic energy sources (Sanzone et al, 2003; Alberts and Sullivan, 2016), with web-building spiders such as those of the family Tetragnathidae especially reliant on emergent aquatic insects (Collier et al, 2002; Kato et al, 2004; Laeser et al, 2005)
Tetragnathid spiders have become increasingly used to quantify and evaluate aquatic-to-terrestrial energy and contaminant fluxes (Walters et al, 2010; Alberts and Sullivan, 2016). Both emergent aquatic insect biomass and emergence rate have been positively correlated with riparian spider biomass and web density (Burdon and Harding, 2008)
Summary
Streams are closely linked to the surrounding landscape through bidirectional fluxes of organisms, material, and energy between the stream and riparian zone (Baxter et al, 2005; Richardson et al, 2010; Sullivan and Rodewald, 2012). Riparian spiders can be heavily dependent on aquatic energy sources (Sanzone et al, 2003; Alberts and Sullivan, 2016), with web-building spiders such as those of the family Tetragnathidae especially reliant on emergent aquatic insects (Collier et al, 2002; Kato et al, 2004; Laeser et al, 2005). Because of this reliance, tetragnathid spiders have become increasingly used to quantify and evaluate aquatic-to-terrestrial energy and contaminant fluxes (Walters et al, 2010; Alberts and Sullivan, 2016). The relative dependence on emergent aquatic insects, as well as the spatial and temporal distribution of orb-weaving spiders such as Tetragnathidae, vary in accordance with emergent aquatic insect emergence rates (Kato et al, 2003, 2004; Chan et al, 2009)
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