Eco-friendly food packaging innovations: A review of recent progress on recyclable polymers

Abstract

The increasing demand for eco-friendly food packaging has spurred the development of recyclable polymers with enhanced properties. This study provides an overview of recent progress in the field, focusing on key recyclable, biodegradable, and compostable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC), and polyethylene furanoate (PEF). PLA, derived from plant starch, offers versatility in composition and compatibility with food and medical use, making it suitable for various packaging applications. PHAs, produced by microorganisms, exhibit diverse structures and find applications in plastics, fibers, biomedical devices, and packaging. Despite their potential, PHAs face challenges related to cost and processing. PET and PP provide excellent barrier properties and are extensively used in beverage packaging and food storage containers, respectively. Recycling methods for PET and PP are explored to mitigate their environmental impact. PC is widely utilized in electronics and food packaging, although concerns about the migration of BPA raise health considerations. PBAT offers biodegradability and flexibility, making it suitable for various applications, but challenges such as production cost and limited availability remain. Cellulose-based polymers derived from agricultural waste show promise for their biodegradability and thermal stability. Additionally, PEF, a bio-based synthetic polyester, exhibits excellent barrier properties and has the potential to replace PET. This study also discusses the role of polymers in smart food packaging, including oxygen-scavenging, antimicrobial, barrier, and temperature-sensitive polymers.