Eco-friendly and bio-waste based hydroxyapatite/reduced graphene oxide hybrid material for synergic electrocatalytic detection of dopamine and study of its simultaneous performance with acetaminophen and uric acid

Abstract

Herein, we report an innovative fabrication of agglomerate eco-friendly and bio-waste based hydroxyapatite/reduced graphene oxide hybrid material modified carbon paste electrode (BHA/rGO/CPE) for the detection of dopamine (DA). In the present exertion, environmental bio-waste eggshells were utilized to synthesize the hydroxyapatite (BHA) material. Further, BHA/rGO hybrid material was synthesized via a simple disperser assisted sonochemical approach and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the electrochemical results were attained by the cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. BHA/rGO/CPE displayed good sensitivity over the other electrodes. The enhanced results were due to the combination of the multi-adsorption capability of BHA and superior conductivity nature of rGO. The limit of detection and quantification of dopamine were found to be as 0.39, 1.32 µM and 0.63, 2.10 µM respectively, for lower (5 to 100 µM) and higher (120 to 310 µM) linear dynamic ranges. BHA/rGO/CPE was also demonstrated for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA), acetaminophen (AC) and uric acid (UA) with no interference among the analyte molecules. Further, the discussed sensor had great potential application in determining DA in real sample analysis.