Echocardiographic Assessment of the Cardio-Renal Connection: Is Left Ventricular Hypertrophy or Diastolic Function More Closely Correlated with Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Cardiovascular Risk Factors?

Abstract

Although left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and diastolic function assessed by echocardiography and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been established as predictors of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients, the relationships between the echocardiographic parameters and renal function have not been fully examined. We examined which echocardiographic parameter correlates best with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Enrolled in the study were 309 patients (mean age 67 ± 13 y) with cardiovascular risk factors. Echocardiography was performed to measure left ventricular mass index (LVMI) as an index of LV hypertrophy. Transmitral early to atrial velocity (E/A) ratio and peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E′) were measured as indexes of LV diastolic function. E/E′ was calculated as a parameter of LV preload. eGFR was measured using the equation proposed by the Japanese Society of Nephrology. The correlations of LVMI (r = −0.333, p < 0.001) and hypertension (r = −0.326, p < 0.001) to eGFR were closer than those of E′ (r = 0.276, p < 0.001) and E/A (r = 0.224, p < 0.001) to eGFR. Stepwise regression analysis showed that hypertension (β coefficient = −0.211, p < 0.001) and LVMI (β coefficient = −0.206, p < 0.001) were independently associated with eGFR. The E/E′ increased with a decrease in eGFR, and E/E′ in CKD stage 5 (16.0 ± 6.8) was significantly higher than that in patients in whom eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (10.5 ± 4.5) (p < 0.001). Left ventricular diastolic function may be influenced by the increase in LV preload due to progression of CKD stage. Therefore, LV hypertrophy may be superior to LV diastolic dysfunction in predicting low eGFR in patients with CKD using echocardiography.