Echium oil: A valuable source of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids

Miquel Mir

doi:10.1051/ocl.2008.0203

Abstract

Echium oil is a vegetable oil of non-GMO plant origin extracted from the seeds of Echium plantagineum containing significant amounts of omega-3 fatty acid Stearidonic Acid (SDA) and omega-6 acid γ-linolenic acid (GLA). Typical fatty acid composition of Echium oil is: Oleic acid (18:1 n-9) 16%, Linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) 19%, γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3 n-6)10%, α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n-3) 30% and Stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4 n-3) 13%. This natural ratio of fatty acids, trough their metabolism, deliver enhanced plasma concentrations of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic (DPA, 22:5 n-3) and dihomo-γ-linolenic (DGLA, 20:3 n-6) acids without increasing the concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6). GLA is commonly associated with the anti-inflammatory effects of oils such as evening primrose oil and borage oil. Supplementation with GLA can markedly increase serum AA with subsequent pro-inflammatory effects. The presence of stearidonic acid in echium oil prevents the accumulation of serum AA and AA-derived eicosanoids without preventing the accumulation of DGLA which is the real n-6 precursor of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. SDA is an intermediate in the biosynthetic conversion of ALA to EPA. As SDA is the product of the rate-limiting ∆6-desaturase step and due the efficiency of the elongase and ∆5-desaturase steps, SDA is readily converted to EPA. SDA has the physiologic benefits of EPA, for instance, lowering the serum triglycerides in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. Therefore echium oil is a true alternative for vegetarians or those who do not eat fish, to benefit from the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 and omega-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Highlights

The knowledge on the beneficial effect of effects of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA’s) on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease and others has increased dramatically during recent years [1,2,3,4]
The most abundant LCPUFA in plant oils are either omega-3 a-Linolenic Acid (ALA) which is found in high concentrations in flax seed oil or omega-6 Linoleic (LA) which is present on oils like evening primrose oil and borage oil
Both supplementation treatments had equivalent amounts of omega-3 (ALA + Stearidonic Acid (SDA)) and omega-6 (GLA). They measured the levels of the fatty acids in serum phospholipids. They concluded that SDA supplementation is 3 times more efficient that ALA for producing elevations of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)+n-3 DPA, that SDA supplementation is 3.6 times more efficient that ALA for producing elevations of n-3 DPA, that Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels did not change during the study in both cases and that echium oil supplementation showed a significant rise in EPA and DGLA but not rise on arachidoic acid (AA)

Summary

Introduction

The knowledge on the beneficial effect of effects of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA’s) on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease and others has increased dramatically during recent years [1,2,3,4]. In a recent study of supplementation of infants with breast milk or infant formulas, lower levels of nervonic, n-3 DPA and DHA were found in all plasma lipid fractions from infants fed formula compared to those in the human milk-fed infants (the diets used in the study were designed to be as similar as possible in fatty acid composition). Koletzko et al [27] have proposed a blend of a DHA concentrate and evening primrose oil (rich in GLA) for maternal supplementation.

Results

Conclusion