Abstract
For years there has been much speculation surrounding the abandonment of the Middle Bronze Age IIB palace of Tel Kabri, ca. 1700 BCE. There are no weapons, hoards of money and jewelry, or visible evidence for fire, which rules out hostile attack or conquest. There are also no indications of drought or environmental degradation that might have forced the inhabitants to vacate the site, nor mass graveyards to indicate a pandemic. The current study uses micro-geoarchaeological methods to show that the demise of the palace was rapid, with walls and ceilings collapsing at once prior to abandonment. Macroscopic data (stratigraphic and structural) from five excavation seasons were reexamined, showing that at least nine Potential Earthquake Archaeological Effects (PEAEs) are found and associated with the last occupation phase of the site’s palace. All lines of evidence point to the possibility that an earthquake damaged the palace, possibly to a point where it was no longer economically viable to repair. This conclusion is compounded by the discovery of a 1–3 m wide trench that cuts through the palace for 30 m, which may be the result of ground shaking or liquefaction caused by an earthquake. This study shows the importance of combining macro- and micro-archaeological methods for the identification of ancient earthquakes, together with the need to evaluate alternative scenarios of climatic, environmental, and economic collapse, as well as human-induced destruction before a seismic event scenario can be proposed.
Highlights
Recognizing past earthquakes can be extremely challenging in the archaeological record, especially at sites where stone masonry is meagre and use of degradable construction materials such as sun-dried mudbricks and wattle-and-daub was practiced
The above sections presented both micro-geoarchaeological data and macro field observations to assess the possible reasons for damage to the MB II palace at Tel Kabri ca. 3700 years ago and the subsequent abandonment of the site for centuries
The integrated approach used in this study allowed us to take into account macroscopic indicators for earthquake damage and collapse in architectural features and artifacts (PEAEs) as well as micro-geoarchaeological indicators for the rapid mode of deposit accumulation without evidence for fire
Summary
Recognizing past earthquakes can be extremely challenging in the archaeological record, especially at sites where stone masonry is meagre and use of degradable construction materials such as sun-dried mudbricks and wattle-and-daub was practiced. Possible identification of earthquake damage leading to subsequent abandonment at an archaeological site. University and private donors, including the Biblical Archaeology Forum (BAF), the Biblical Archaeology Society of Northern Virginia (BASONOVA), the Bunting Foundation, Bronfman Philanthropies, and the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP). The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa Israel, provided assistance in conservation and storage of artifacts. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
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