Abstract
This manuscript presents a systematic and detailed study of ion release from 45S5 bioactive glass to develop a methodology to directly monitor dissolved ions in a simulated fluid via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). For the kinetic study, two dynamic tests, an inline ICP test and a flow-through test, are performed with the same flow rate, temperature, pH, ionic strength of the solution, and sample surface to leaching solution volume ratio. The flow-through test allows for the measurement of an initial dissolution rate, as well the maximum amount of any species released from the surface of the glass. In addition, the data from the inline ICP test are obtained by immediate and direct monitoring of ions from the first minutes of contact of the glass with aqueous fluids with pH values of 4 and 7.4. The overall dissolution rates of the tested commercial bioactive glass in simulated body fluid (SBF) (pH 7.4) were significantly lower compared to the initial rate acquired. The methodology developed in this study can be applied to monitor the controlled release of ions with additional therapeutic functionalities, where the amount of ions released in the first minutes can be critical for the resulting biological performance.
Highlights
IntroductionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
The simulated body fluid (SBF) solution was measured before each inline ICP test by analyzing the solution flowing through the reactor without the sample for at least 30 min
The scattering of data for both elements needs to be carefully considered if bioactivity performance is discussed on the basis of ion release tests
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. In the context of bioactivity, a specific biological response at the interface of a material is often desired. An ability to form hydroxyapatite (HA) is a commonly required and studied feature of materials used in bone-replacement applications. The evaluation of the ability of an implant material to form HA relies on the appropriate use of in vitro tests with suitable methods for diagnosing calcium phosphates, which are responsible for bridging osseous tissue with the material. The Kokubo recipe [1,2] has been routinely used in bioactivity and degradation testing with simulated body fluid (SBF) to identify materials with in vivo bone reactivity or tissue regeneration characteristics.
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