E as in Enigma: The Mysterious Role of the Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel Glutamate E73

Abstract

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is the main passageway for ions and metabolites over the outer mitochondrial membrane. It was associated with many physiological processes, including apoptosis and modulation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling. The protein is formed by a barrel of 19 beta-sheets with an N-terminal helix lining the inner pore. Despite its large diameter, the channel can change its selectivity for ions and metabolites based on its open state to regulate transport into and out of mitochondria. VDAC was shown to be regulated by a variety of cellular factors and molecular partners including proteins, lipids and ions. Although the physiological importance of many of these modulatory effects are well described, the binding sites for molecular partners are still largely unknown. The highly symmetrical and sleek structure of the channel makes predictions of functional moieties difficult. However, one residue repeatedly sticks out when reviewing VDAC literature. A glutamate at position 73 (E73) located on the outside of the channel facing the hydrophobic membrane environment was repeatedly proposed to be involved in channel regulation on multiple levels. Here, we review the distinct hypothesized roles of E73 and summarize the open questions around this mysterious residue.