Abstract
The maintenance of a soil’s infiltration rate (IR) and field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) is crucial for the long-term sustainable functioning of wastewater-irrigated lands. However, an effective procedure for reliably measuring in situ soil Kfs remains elusive. To address this issue, this study investigated the dualhead infiltrometer (DHI), a novel instrument for automatically determining IR and Kfs, and compared it with a traditional double-ring infiltrometer (DRI) under various field conditions. In the initial phase, we optimized the procedure and settings for the DHIs in a cropland that was spray-irrigated with secondary-treated wastewater for decades in central Pennsylvania. Results showed that our optimized procedure, which used a single, long pressure cycle, yielded more robust measurements of IR than the originally recommended sequence of two short pressure cycles. The values of Kfs measured by the DHIs with optimized settings were similar to those measured by DRIs under many (but not all) field conditions, due to their differences in infiltration surface areas, operational procedures, length of infiltration time, and soil spatiotemporal variability. Viscosity-corrected Kfs on the irrigated cropland was 123.8 ± 94.0 mm∙h−1, higher than that on the adjacent non-irrigated cropland (103.2 ± 94.6 mm∙h−1), but the difference was not statistically significant, owing to the high degree of soil spatiotemporal variability and our limited number of measurements. Nevertheless, the higher Kfs values measured on irrigated cropland reflect observed changes in soil structure (e.g., soil pore characteristics) that resulted from decades of irrigation. Seasonal variations in Kfs values existed between winter and summer conditions, but IRs during all seasons remained much higher than the current spray-irrigation rate (4.25 mm∙h−1), suggesting that the soil is still capable of handling the routine irrigation, even during winter. However, the coefficients of variation exceeded 67.0% across the field sites investigated, and the time periods covered by our measurements were limited. As this specific site is permitted to discharge treated wastewater year-round, caution must still be exercised to ensure that soil Kfs remains high enough to prevent runoff generation, especially during winter frozen conditions.
Highlights
Many soil physical, chemical, and biological factors influence infiltration rate (IR) and field-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Kfs ), both of which show significant variations across space and time [1,2]
Since higher pressures led to higher IRs, the performance improvement of the optimized procedure was more pronounced during the high-head cycles (Table 2)
Since the high pressure head was achieved by increasing air pressure rather than by pooling additional water [36], the quality of these tests depended on complete airtightness of the infiltrometer head
Summary
Chemical, and biological factors influence infiltration rate (IR) and field-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Kfs ), both of which show significant variations across space and time [1,2]. Porosity and pore size distribution are among the major controlling factors of the rate of water flow in soils [3]. Vegetation and land use can alter soil characteristics, such as aggregation, organic matter content, compaction, and pore size distribution, all of which impact soil hydraulic conductivity [3,9]. Vegetation canopies and leaf litter can maintain the infiltration capacity of forest soils by protecting the soil surface from the impact of raindrops and preventing the formation of surface crusts, while roots induce the formation of macropores that improve the soil’s macroporosity and infiltration capacity [10,11]
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